School District of Springfield Township

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1 School District of Springfield Township Springfield Township High School Course Overview Course Name: Biology (Academic) Grade Level: 10 Course Description Biology (Academic) is a laboratory oriented course that studies the nature of life, ecology, cells, genetics and evolution. Emphasis is on the functions at the molecular level. Unit Titles Unit 1: The Science of Biology Unit 2: The Chemistry of Life Unit 3: Ecology Unit 4: Populations Unit 5: Humans in the Biosphere Unit 6: Cell Structure and Function Unit 7: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Unit 8: DNA and Protein Synthesis Unit 9: Cell Division Unit 10: Genetics Unit 11: Evolution Essential Questions 1. How does a scientific theory develop? 2. How do we know if something is alive? 3. How is life a product of the organization and interaction of matter? 4. How do organisms interact with and depend on each other in an ecosystem? 5. How are organisms impacted by the nonliving components of an ecosystem? 6. What factors affect population size? 7. How does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere s temperature range? 8. Why is biodiversity important? 9. How is structure related to function at the various levels of cellular organization? 10. How do organisms maintain a biological balance between their internal and external environments? 11. How do organisms obtain and use energy to carry out their life processes? 12. How do organisms use DNA and RNA to make proteins? 13. What factors affect gene expression? 14. How do biotechnologies impact the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture?

2 15. How do new cells arise from pre-existing cells? 16. How does biological inheritance affect the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring? 17. How do natural processes as described by the theory of evolution effect change in a population over time? Enduring Understandings Unit 1: The Science of Biology Scientific terms o Hypothesis and prediction o Inference and observation o Principle o Theory o Law o Fact and opinion Common Characteristics of Life o Composed of one or more units called cells o Obtain and use matter and energy to carry out life processes o Reproduce and pass their genetic material on to the next generation o Maintain homeostasis o Grow, develop and eventually die o Detect and respond to stimuli o Adapt and evolve at the population level Unit 2: The Chemistry of Life Chemical structure of water Polarity of water/hydrogen bonding and related properties Examples of how the properties of water make life on earth possible Levels of biochemical organization Chemical properties of carbon Structural shapes of carbon molecules Monomers vs. polymers Monomer that forms carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids Dehydration synthesis (condensation) and hydrolysis reactions Basic structure of the four major classes of biological macromolecules Importance and use of each macromolecule for biological functions Enzymes as proteins Enzyme and substrate specificity/interactions Effect of enzymes on activation energy and reaction rates Reusable nature of enzymes Examples of enzyme controlled reactions in living things Enzyme activity as a function of specific conditions Effects of environmental factors (ph, temperature, concentration) on enzyme function

3 Unit 3: Ecology The levels of ecological organization o Organism o Population o Community o Ecosystem o Biome o Biosphere Abiotic components of an ecosystem Biotic components of an ecosystem Characteristics of abiotic and biotic components of earth s aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems The ultimate energy source is the sun. o Other initial sources of energy (Chemical and heat) Photosynthesis and cellular respiration Structure and components of a food chain or food web Implications of the 10% rule/law (energy pyramids) Habitat and niche (fundamental and realized) Symbiotic interactions within an ecosystem Biogeochemical cycles o Water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen Examples of natural disturbances affecting ecosystems o Ecological succession o Natural disasters Unit 4: Population Carrying capacity Limiting factors o Density dependent o Density independent Effects of limiting factors on population dynamics o Biotic potential o Environmental resistance o Increase/decreased/stabilized population growth o Extinction o Increased/decreased/stabilized biodiversity Unit 5: Humans in the Biosphere Examples of human disturbances affecting ecosystems o Human overpopulation o Climate changes o Introduction of non-native species o Pollution o Fires

4 Effects of human and natural disturbance on ecosystems o Loss of biodiversity o Loss of habitat o Increased rate of extinction o Disruption of natural biological cycles Unit 6: Cell Structure and Function Similarities and differences in structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Common features/functions of cells structures in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Levels of biological organization from organelle to multicellular organism o Organelle o Cell o Tissue o Organ o Organ system Chemical structure of the plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Fluid mosaic model Functions of the plasma membrane Passive transport mechanisms (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) Active transport mechanisms (pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis) Examples of Mechanisms o Thermoregulation o Water regulation o Oxygen regulation o Chemical regulations ph/buffer, Hormone, Electrolyte Unit 7: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Double membrane structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts Roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts in energy transformations Catabolic vs. anabolic chemical reactions as related to metabolism Overall (summary) chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration Basic energy transformations during photosynthesis and cellular respiration Relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration Molecular structure of ATP ATP-ADP cycle Importance of ATP as the energy currency (fuel) for cell transport Unit 8: DNA & Protein Synthesis Structure of DNA o Components of a nucleotide o Base-pair rule (Chargaff s Rule) Semi-conservative/DNA replication process Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes

5 Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA Types of RNA Transcription uses DNA to make RNA Translation uses RNA to make a protein Role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in assembling, transporting, packaging, and modifying different proteins Different types of gene mutations Possible effect of mutation (change in the DNA sequence) on gene expression Environmental influences on gene expression Tools of genetic engineering (gel electrophoresis, PCR, restriction enzymes, Bacterial and viral plasmids, recombinant DNA, gene splicing, selective breeding, cloning, DNA sequencing) Applications of genetic engineering DNA fingerprinting Genetically modified organisms in medicine and agriculture Gene therapy Stem cell therapy Human Genome Project Unit 9: Cell Division Cell cycle in a non-reproductive, eukaryotic cell o Interphase (G1, S, G2) o Nuclear division (mitosis) o Cytokinesis (plant vs. animal cells) Phases of mitosis; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Phases of meiosis in diploid, gern-line stem cells Importance of mitosis and meiosis Outcomes of mitosis and meiosis Importance of chromosome composition and number in controlling gene expression Unit 10: Genetics Common patterns of inheritance Tools for predicting patterns of inheritance o Punnett square o Pedigree o Mathematics of probability Relationship between genotype and phenotype Unit 11: Evolution Principles of inheritance as they relate to evolution Fundamental principles of natural selection Factors that contribute to speciation o Isolating mechanisms o Genetic drift

6 o Founder effect o Migration Examples of variation in populations Evidence of Evolution o Fossil o Anatomical o Physiological o Embryological o Biochemical o Universal genetic code Key Skills/Processes Unit 1: The Science of Biology Explain the goal of science o Form a hypothesis o Describe how scientists test hypothesis o Explain how a scientific theory develops o Describe characteristics of living things o How can life be studied at different levels? o What measurement systems do most scientists use? o How are light microscopes and electron microscopes similar? How are they different? o Describe two common laboratory techniques o Explain why it is important to work safely in biology Explain homeostasis Unit 2: The Chemistry of Life Describe the unique properties of water Explain how the unique properties of water make life on earth possible Describe the structure of a carbon atom Explain how carbon atoms bond to form biological macromolecules Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid in organisms Explain how enzymes act as catalysts to regulate biochemical reactions Explain how environmental factors affect the function and reaction rate of enzymes Interpret graphs to analyze enzyme catalyzed reactions

7 Unit 3: Ecology Describe and differentiate between the levels of ecological organization Describe characteristic biotic and abiotic components of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem Describe biotic interactions within an ecosystem Describe the niche of an organism Describe how matter recycles in an ecosystem Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances Unit 4: Populations Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction Unit 5: Humans in the Biosphere Identify the characteristics of sustainable development Describe how human activities affect land, air and water resources Define biodiversity and explain its value Identify current threats to biodiversity Describe the goal of conservation biology Describe two types of global change of concern to biologists Unit 6: Cell Structure and Function Describe the common characteristics exhibited by all living things-both prokaryotic and eukaryotic Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at the organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and multicellular organism level of organization Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell Compare and contrast active vs. passive transport mechanisms Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles facilitate intracellular transport of materials Explain mechanisms organism use to maintain homeostasis Unit 7: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Describe the structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and mitochondria in energy transformations Compare the basic transformations of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration

8 Describe the structure of ATP Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions Unit 8: DNA and Protein Synthesis Describe how DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of the genetic information Explain the structural relationships between DNA, genes and chromosomes Explain the unified process of protein synthesis Describe the role of the nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and Golgi apparatus in the production and processing of proteins Describe how genetic mutations alter DNA sequence and may or may not affect the expression of a gene Describe tools used in genetic engineering Describe applications of genetic engineering Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture Unit 9: Cell Division Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle Compare and contrast the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions Describe processes that can alter composition or number of chromosomes (chromosomal mutations) Unit 10 - Genetics Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes and their role in inheritance Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance Unit 11 - Evolution Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies of a population Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of a new species Explain now genetic mutations may result in genotypic and phenotypic variations within a population Interpret evidence supporting the theory of evolution Use scientific terms properly in written and oral form

9 Key Vocabulary Unit 1 The Science of Biology science, observation, data, inference, hypothesis, spontaneous generation, controlled experiment, manipulated (independent) variable, responding (dependent) variable, theory, biology, catabolism, anabolism, metabolism, homeostasis, metric system, compound light microscope, electron microscope, cell culture, cell fractionation, inference, thermoregulation, stimuli Unit 2 The Chemistry of Life matter, Atom, nucleus, electron, neutron, proton, element, isotope, ion, compound, ionic bond, covalent bond, molecule, vander Waals forces, cohesion, surface tensions transpiration, solution, solute, solvent, suspensions, ph scale, acid, base, buffer, monomer, polymer, polymerization, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, lipids, nucleic acids, nucleotides, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, protein, amino acids, chemical reaction, reactants, products, activation energy, catalyst, enzymes, substrates, active site, digestion, amylase, peristalsis, villi Unit 3 Ecology ecology, biosphere, species populations, communities, ecosystem, biome, autotrophs, producers, photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detrivore, decomposers, food chain, food web, trophic level, ecological pyramid, biomass, biogeochemical cycles, water cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorous cycle, carbon cycle, evaporation, transpiration, nutrients, nitrogen fixation, denitrification, primary productivity, limiting nutrient, algal bloom, weather, climate, greenhouse effect, polar zones, temperate zones, tropical zone, biotic factors, abiotic factors, niche, resource, competitive exclusion principle, predation, symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, ecological succession, primary succession, pioneer species, secondary succession, biome, tolerance, taiga, permafrost, plankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, wetland, estuaries, detritus, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, photic zone, aphotic zone, zonation, coastal ocean, kelp forests, coral reefs, benthos Unit 4 Populations population density, immigration, emigration, exponential growth, logistic growth, carrying capacity, limiting factor, density-dependent limiting factor, predator-prey relationship, density-independent limiting factors, demography, demographic transition, age-structure diagram Unit 5 Humans in the Biosphere agriculture, monoculture, green revolution, renewable resources, nonrenewable resource, sustainable development, soil erosion, desertification, deforestation, aquaculture, smog, pollutant, acid rain, biodiversity, genetic diversity, extinction, endangered species, habitat fragmentation, biological magnification, nonnative species, conservation, ozone layer, global warming, extinction

10 Unit 6 Cell Structure and Function cell theory, nucleus, eukaryotes, prokaryotes, organelles, cytoplasm, nuclear envelope, chromatin, chromosomes, nucleolus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, centrioles, cell membrane, cell wall, lipid bilayer, plasma membrane, selectively permeable, vesicles, concentration gradient, diffusion, equilibrium, osmosis, isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis, pumps, cell specialization, tissue, organ, organ system, nephron, alveoli, neuron, action potential, synapse, neurotransmitter Unit 7 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration autotroph, heterotroph, adenosine triphosphate, ATP, photosynthesis, pigments, chlorophyll, thylakoids, photosystems, stroma, NADP+, light-dependent reactions, ATP synthase, Calvin Cycle, calorie, glycolysis, cellular respiration, NAD+, fermentation, anaerobic, aerobic, Krebs, cycle, electron transport chain Unit 8 DNA and Protein Synthesis adenine, amino acids, anticodon, Chargaff s Rule, chromosomes, codon, complimentary strand, cytosine, deletion, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), deoxyribose, DNA replication, double helix, endoplasmic reticulum, enzymes, frameshift mutation, gene mutation genes, guanine, hydrogen bond, insertion, missense, nonsense, nucleotide, nucleus, parent strand, phenotype, phosphate group, point mutation, polypeptides, proteins, ribonucleic acid (RNA) ribosomes, semi-conservative model, thymine, transcription, translation, triplet, uracil, biotechnology, cloning, DNA fingerprinting, DNA sequencing, electrophoresis, gene splicing, gene therapy, genetic engineering, genetically modified organisms, plasmids, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), recombinant DNA, restriction enzymes, selective breeding, stem cell, transgenic organism Unit 9 Cell Division cell division, mitosis, cytokinesis, chromatids, centromeres, interphase, cell cycle, prophase, centrioles, spindle, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cleavage furrow, cyclin, cancer, homologous, diploid, haploid, meiosis, somatic cells, germ-line cells, zygote, daughter cells, chromatin, chromatid, histone, centromere, spindle (fiber) Unit 10 Genetics genetics, fertilization, true-breeding, trait, hybrid, gene allele, segregation, gamete, probability punett square, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, gene map, independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, karyotype, sex chromosomes, autosomes, pedigree, sex-linked, nondisjunction, test cross

11 Unit 11 - Evolution evolution, fossil, natural selection, artificial selection, struggle for existence, fitness, adaptation, survival of the fittest, homologous structures, vestigial organs, convergent evolution, allele frequency, speciation, geographic isolation, speciation, genetic drift, founder effect, migration Core Resources: Miller/Levine Prentice Hall Biology text book, 2008, Pearson Education, Inc. Miller/Levine Prentice Hall Biology Reading and Study Workbook, 2008 Miller/Levine Prentice Hall Biology Laboratory Manual, 2008 Pennsylvania Keystone Standards Guiding Course Unit 1 The Science of Biology A1. Explain the characteristics of life common to all organisms 3.1.B.A9. Distinguish between the scientific terms: hypothesis, inference, law, theory, principle, fact and observation Unit 2 The Chemistry of Life 3.1.B.A8, 3.1.B.A5, C. Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (e.g., freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion) 3.1.B.A7, 3.2.C.A2. Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules 3.1.B.A7, 3.1.B.A8, 3.1.B.A2, 3.1.C.A2, 3.1.C.A7. Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers 3.1.B.A7, 3.1.B.A2, 3.1.C.A2, 3.1.C.A7. Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms 3.1.B.A2, 3.1.B.A7. Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction 3.1.B.A2, 3.1.B.A7. Explain how factors such as ph, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function Unit 3 Ecology A, A, A, D, A, C. Describe the levels of ecological organization (i.e., organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome and biosphere) A, B, C, C, A, A, C. Describe characteristic biotic and abiotic components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems C, C, 4.1.3,C, A, C, C, C. Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem (e.g., food, chains, food webs, energy pyramids) A, A, D, D Describe biotic interactions in an ecosystem (e.g., competition, predation, symbiosis) 4.1.4B, A, C, D, B, A, C, 3.1.B.A2, A, C. Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem(i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle

12 Unit 4 Populations A, C, A, B, A, D, A, C, A, D, A, C, E, D, B, B, E, D, A, C, E. Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction Unit 5 Humans in the Biosphere A, E, B, B, B, E, B, B, A, D, C, B, A, A, C, C, 4.1.as.C, A, A, C, E, A. Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances (e.g., climate changes, introduction of nonnative species, pollution, fires) Unit 6 Cell Structure and Function 3.1.B.A1, 3.1.B.C2, A, A. Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms 3.1.B.A5, 3.1.B.C2. Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 3.1.B.A5, 3.1.B.A6, 3.1.B.A1. Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function of various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms) 3.1.B.A5, 3.1.B.A2, 3.1.B.A4, 3.1.B.A7, 3.2.C.A1, 3.2.P.B6. Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell 3.1.B.A5, 3.1.B.A2, 3.1.B.A7, 3.2.C.A1, 3.2.P.B6. Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport-diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport-pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis) 3.1.B.A5, 3.1.B.A2. Describe how membrane0bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell 3.1.B.A8, 3.1.B.A5, D, C. Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation) A1. Relate changes in the environment to various organisms ability to compensate using homeostatic mechanisms 3.1.B.A5, 3.1.B.B3, 3.1.B.B5, 3.1.C.B3. Describe the role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and the nucleus in the production of specific types of proteins Unit 7 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 3.1.B.A2, 3.1.B.A5, 3.1.C.A1. Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and mitochondria in energy transformations 3.1.B.A2, 3.1.B.A5, 3.1.C.A1, C. Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration 3.1.B.A2, 3.1.C.A1, 3.1.C.A2. Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions

13 Unit 8 DNA and Protein Synthesis 3.1.B.B1, 3.1.B.B3, 3.1.B.B5, 3.1.B.C2, 3.1.C.C2. Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information 3.1.B.B1, 3.1.B.B3, 3.1.B.B5, 3.1.C.B3, 3.1.C.C2. Describe how the processes of transcription and translation are similar in all organisms 3.1.B.B1, 3.1.B.B3, 3.1.B.C2, 3.1.C.B3, 3.1.C.C2. Describe how genetic mutations alter the DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype (e.g., silent, nonsense, frameshift) 3.1.B.B4, A, A, A, B, B, B. Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture (e.g., selective breeding, gene splicing, cloning, genetically modified organisms, gene therapy) Unit 9 Cell Division 3.1.B.A4, 3.1.B.A5, 3.1.B.B2, 3.1.B.B3, 3.1.B.B5, 3.1.B.C2, 3.1.C.C2. Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle; interphase, nuclear division (i.e., mitosis, or meiosis), cytokinesis 3.1.B.A4, 3.1.B.A5, 3.1.B.B2, 3.1.B.B3, 3.1.B.B5, 3.1.B.C2, 3.1.C.C2. Compare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions Unit 10 Genetics 3.1.B.V1, 3.1.B.B5, 3.1.B.B2, 3.1.B.B3, 3.1.C.C2. Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles and chromosomes and their roles in inheritance. 3.1.BB5. Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance (i.e., dominant, recessive, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles) 3.1.B.B1, 3.1.B.B2, 3.1.B.B3, 3.1.C.C2. Describe processes that can alter composition or number of chromosomes (i.e., crossing-over, non-disjunction, duplication, translocation, deletion, insertion and inversion) Unit 11 Evolution 3.1.B.C1. Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies of a population 3.1.B.C1, 3.1.B.C2. Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of a new species (e.g., isolating mechanisms, genetic drift, founder effect, migration) 3.1.B.C2, 3.1.B.B1. Explain how genetic mutations may result in genotypic and phenotypic variations within a population 3.1.B.C3, 3.1.B.C1, 3.1.B.B3. Interpret evidence supporting the theory of evolution (i.e., fossil, anatomical, physiological, embryological, biochemical and universal genetic code) Prepared June 2011-NS Approved-chr