Phylogeny & Systematics: The Tree of Life
|
|
- Emory Glenn
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Phylogeny & Systematics: The Tree of Life An unexpected family tree. What are the evolutionary relationships among a human, a mushroom, and a tulip? Molecular systematics has revealed that despite appearances animals, including humans, and fungi, such as mushrooms, are more closely related to each other than either are to plants.
2 What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees: Phylogenetic trees show patterns of descent, not phenotypic similarity Phylogenetic trees do not indicate when species evolved or how much change occurred in a clade Phylogenetic trees do not assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it, e.g. Dogs did not evolve from wolves and vice versa.
3 Applying Phylogenies: Phylogeny provides important information about similar characteristics in closely related species A phylogeny was used to identify the species of whale from which whale meat originated by analyzing the relatedness of mtdna sequences from different organisms. Specific whale sp. are protected by the inter. marine mammal act. It is illegal to harvest them.
4 What is the species identity of food being sold as whale meat? Scientists constructed a gene tree, a phylogenetic tree that shows patterns of relatedness among mtdna sequences rather than among taxa. Only Minke whales can be legally sold in Japan. Conclusion: This analysis indicated that mtdna sequences of 6 of the unknown Samples (in red), were most closely related to mtdna sequences of whales that are not legal to harvest. Minke (Southern Hemisphere) Unknowns #1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Minke (North Atlantic) Unknown #9 Humpback Unknown #1b Blue Unknowns #10, 11, 12, 13 Fin
5 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data: To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about morphologies, genes, behavior and biochemistry of living organisms Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called homologies Organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be more closely related than organisms with different structures or sequences
6 Sorting Homology from Analogy: When constructing a phylogeny, systematists need to distinguish whether a similarity is the result of homology or analogy Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry eg, bat wing and whale fin Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution eg, marsupial v. placental mammal Bat and bird wings are homologous as forelimbs, but analogous as functional wings. Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently are also called homoplasies eg. the eye
7 Convergent evolution in burrowers: Convergent evolution occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar Australian marsupial mole (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages - it is no indicator of phylogenetic relations! North American eutherian mole A long body, large front paws, small eyes, and a pad of thick skin that protects the nose all evolved independently in these species.
8 Phylogeny & Systematics: Phylogeny u evolutionary history of a species u based on common ancestries inferred from fossil record morphological & biochemical resemblances molecular evidence Systematics u connects classification system to phylogeny by categorizing & naming organisms
9 Fossil record: Sedimentary rock are richest source of fossils u fossil record is a substantial, but incomplete, chronicle of evolutionary history incomplete historical documents of biology u history of life on Earth is punctuated by mass extinctions u Homology can be distinguished from analogy by comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity Otzi ; 5,300 year old ice mummy found on an Alpine ridge dividing Austria from Italy at 10,500 feet above sea level. 2015; Discovered 19 living relatives in Austria.
10 Paleontology: Study of fossils u fossils provide the strongest evidence of change u links past & current organisms Woolly mammoth tusks
11 Fossils:
12 Building phylogenies: Morphological & molecular homologies u similarities based on shared ancestries bone structure DNA sequences u beware of analogous structures convergent evolution Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently are also called homoplasies marsupial mole placental mole
13 Evaluating molecular homologies: Aligning DNA sequences u more bases in common = more closely related u analyzed by software
14 Systematics: Connecting classification to phylogeny u hierarchical system u Carolus Linnaeas u latin binomial genus species
15 Building trees: Connection between classification & phylogeny Tracing possible evolutionary relationships between some of the taxa of the order Carnivora, a branch of the class Mammalia
16 Illustrating phylogeny: Cladistics Cladograms (CLAY-doe-grams) show: u Clade - patterns of shared characteristics u groups organisms by common descent u probable relationships Classify organisms according to the order in time at which branches arise along a phylogenetic tree
17 Shared Ancestral and Shared Derived Characters: In comparison with its ancestor, an organism has both shared and different characteristics A shared ancestral character is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon eg. vertebrates A shared derived character is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade, eg. hair in mammals A derived trait is a trait that the current organism has, but the previous one did not have. An ancestral trait is a trait that you, and your ancestors had. A vestigial structure is a structure that had some sort of use in your ancestor, but none in your current body.
18 Inferring Phylogenies Using Derived Characters: When inferring evolutionary relationships, it is useful to know in which clade a shared derived character first appeared A shared derived character is shared by the ancestral species and a single group: it is the only reliable guide to inferring phylogeny. Phylogenies showing the terminology used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or trait
19 Constructing a phylogenetic tree using shared derived characters: CHARACTERS Vertebral column (backbone) Hinged jaws Four walking legs Amnion Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Bass TAXA Frog Turtle Leopard Vertebral column Hinged jaws Four walking legs Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Bass Frog Turtle Hair Amnion Hair Leopard (a) Character table (b) Phylogenetic tree
20 Phylogenetic Trees with Proportional Branch Lengths In some trees, the length of a branch can reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA sequence involved in development. The lengths are proportional to the amount of genetic change in each lineage; the change has evolved at different rates. Question: Which lineage shows the greatest genetic change since they diverged? Chicken Human Mouse Lancelet Frog Zebrafish Drosophila
21 In other trees, branch length can represent chronological time, and branching points can be determined from the fossil record. (This tree is based on the same molecular data as the previous slide). The lengths are proportional to time. Each lineage has the same total length from the base of the tree to the branch tip, indicating that all the lineages have diverged from the common ancestor for equal amounts of time. PALEOZOIC MESOZOIC CENO- ZOIC Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Chicken Human Mouse Present Millions of years ago
22 Molecular Systematics: Hypothesizing phylogenies using molecular data u apply principle of parsimony simplest explanation based on statistics fewest evolutionary events that explain data hypothetical bird species 3 possible phylogenies (there are more)
23 Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood: Systematists can never be sure of finding the best tree in a large data set They narrow possibilities by applying the principles of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood the shortest possible tree that explains the data is considered best
24 Maximum parsimony assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely model The principle of maximum likelihood states that, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events In modern cladistics, advances in computer programs and molecular genetics are used to search for trees that are parsimonious and likely
25 Technique Research method: Determine all the base change events and by applying parsimony to a problem in molecular systematics Figure /C 1/C I I III Species I Species II Species III II III 1/C III II 1/C 1/C II I 1 Three phylogenetic hypotheses: I I III 4 2/T 3/A I 3/A 2/T I 4/C 3/A III II III III II II I 4/C 3/A 4/C II III 2/T 4/C 4/C III II 2/T 2/T 3/A II I 2 Species I Species II Site C C T T A T T C Results I II I III III II Species III Ancestral sequence A A G G A T C T III II I 6 events 7 events 7 events
26 Parsimony: Choose the tree that explains the data invoking the fewest number of evolutionary events the shortest possible tree that explains the data is considered best
27 Parsimony: Phylogenetic trees are hypotheses Which is the most parsimonious tree?
28 Modern Systematics: Shaking up some trees! Crocodiles are now thought to be closer to birds than other reptiles
29 Of Mice and Men good book Evolving genomes u now that we can compare the entire genomes of different organisms, we find humans & mice have 99% of their genes in common 50% of human genes have a close match with those of yeast! w the simplest eukaryote
30 Molecular clocks: Trace variations in genomes to date evolutionary changes Rate of change is calculated and then extrapolate back What does this assume? Index of base changes between HIV gene sequences HIV-1M samples were collected from patients between early 1980s & late 1990s. The gene evolved at a relatively constant rate. Concluded that HIV-1M Cell division error strain first infected humans in 1930s. HIV Range Adjusted best-fit line (accounts for uncertain dates of HIV sequences) Year
31 Potential Problems with Molecular Clocks: The molecular clock does not run as smoothly as expected if mutations were neutral Irregularities result from natural selection in which some DNA changes are favored over others The use of multiple genes or genes that evolved in different taxa may improve estimates
32 Universal Tree of Life. Says who? 3 Domains u Bacteria u Eukarya u Archaea This branch point forms a polytomy: an unresolved pattern of More than two divergence
33 From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains: Early taxonomists classified all species as either plants or animals Later, five kingdoms were recognized: Monera (prokaryotes), Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia Most recent, the three-domain system has been adopted: Bacteria (the largest), Archaea, and Eukarya The three-domain system is supported by data from many sequenced genomes
34 The three domains of life: Cell division error Euglenozoans Forams Diatoms This branch point forms a polytomy COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE Ciliates Red algae Green algae Land plants Amoebas Fungi Animals Nanoarchaeotes Methanogens Thermophiles Proteobacteria (Mitochondria)* Chlamydias Spirochetes Gram-positive bacteria Cyanobacteria (Chloroplasts)* Domain Eukarya Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria
35 Scientists Unveil New Tree of Life By CARL ZIMMER APRIL 11, 2016 The new tree of life that researchers published. It shows that much of Earth s biodiversity is bacteria, top, half of which includes candidate phyla radiation that are still waiting to be discovered. Humans are in the bottom branch of eukaryotes. CreditJill Banfield/UC Berkeley, Laura Hug/University of Waterloo we are here
36 Hominid Phylogeny
37 Summary of a phylogenetic tree: Branch point: where lineages diverge ANCESTRAL LINEAGE This branch point represents the common ancestor of taxa A G Common ancestor to A-C 5 4 Sister taxa-share an Immediate common ancestor to B-C Taxon A Taxon B Taxon C Taxon D Taxon E Taxon F Taxon G This branch point forms a polytomy: an unresolved pattern of divergence. Sister taxa Basal taxon Basal taxa- lineage that diverges early in the history of the group
Chapter 19 Organizing Information About Species: Taxonomy and Cladistics
Chapter 19 Organizing Information About Species: Taxonomy and Cladistics An unexpected family tree. What are the evolutionary relationships among a human, a mushroom, and a tulip? Molecular systematics
More informationChapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 1. Key Concepts Pertaining to Phylogeny 2. Determining Phylogenies 3. Evolutionary History Revealed in Genomes 1. Key Concepts Pertaining to Phylogeny PHYLOGENY
More informationChapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Biologists estimate that there are about 5 to 100 million species of organisms living on Earth today. Evidence from morphological, biochemical, and gene sequence
More information20 Phylogeny CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece. Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 20 Phylogeny Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Investigating the Evolutionary History of
More informationBIOLOGY. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Concept 26.1: Phylogenies show
More information8/23/2014. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Objectives Explain the following characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification: a. binomial nomenclature b. hierarchical classification List the major
More informationPhylogeny 9/8/2014. Evolutionary Relationships. Data Supporting Phylogeny. Chapter 26
Phylogeny Chapter 26 Taxonomy Taxonomy: ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences Carolus Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature,
More informationPhylogeny CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS SECOND EDITION URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 20 Phylogeny Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION Investigating the Evolutionary
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
More informationPHYLOGENY & THE TREE OF LIFE
PHYLOGENY & THE TREE OF LIFE PREFACE In this powerpoint we learn how biologists distinguish and categorize the millions of species on earth. Early we looked at the process of evolution here we look at
More informationPhylogeny & Systematics
Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny & Systematics An unexpected family tree. What are the evolutionary relationships among a human, a mushroom, and a tulip? Molecular systematics has revealed that despite
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Lecture Outline Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life Evolutionary biology is about both process and pattern. o The processes of evolution are natural selection
More informationUoN, CAS, DBSC BIOL102 lecture notes by: Dr. Mustafa A. Mansi. The Phylogenetic Systematics (Phylogeny and Systematics)
- Phylogeny? - Systematics? The Phylogenetic Systematics (Phylogeny and Systematics) - Phylogenetic systematics? Connection between phylogeny and classification. - Phylogenetic systematics informs the
More information1. Construct and use dichotomous keys to identify organisms.
OBJECTIVE SHEET SYSTEMATICS AND CLASSIFICATION 1. Construct and use dichotomous keys to identify organisms. 2. Clarify the purpose behind systematics and phylogeny. 3. Identify the structures of a phylogenetic
More informationChapter 26. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life. Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Investigating the Tree of Life Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of
More informationPhylogeny Fig Overview: Inves8ga8ng the Tree of Life Phylogeny Systema8cs
Ch. 26 Phylogeny BIOL 22 Fig. Fig.26 26 Overview: Inves8ga8ng the Tree of Life Phylogeny evoluonary history of a species or group of related species Systema8cs classifies organisms and determines their
More informationThe History of Life on Earth
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 25 The History of Life on Earth
More informationMacroevolution Part I: Phylogenies
Macroevolution Part I: Phylogenies Taxonomy Classification originated with Carolus Linnaeus in the 18 th century. Based on structural (outward and inward) similarities Hierarchal scheme, the largest most
More informationBIOLOGY. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Investigating the Tree of Life
More informationCh. 26 Phylogeny BIOL 221
Ch. 26 Phylogeny BIOL 22 Fig. 26- Phylogeny Overview: Inves8ga8ng the Tree of Life evoluonary history of a species Systema8cs or group of related species classifies organisms and determines their evoluonary
More informationCLASSIFICATION. Why Classify? 2/18/2013. History of Taxonomy Biodiversity: variety of organisms at all levels from populations to ecosystems.
Why Classify? Classification has been around ever since people paid attention to organisms. CLASSIFICATION One primeval system was based on harmful and non-harmful organisms. Life is easier when we organize
More informationChapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Phylogenies Show Evolutionary Relationships
Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life You Must Know The taxonomic categories and how they indicate relatedness. How systematics is used to develop phylogenetic trees. How to construct a phylogenetic
More informationAP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.B. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.B Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Enduring Understanding 1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from
More informationChapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter focus Shifting from the process of how evolution works to the pattern evolution produces over time. Phylogeny Phylon = tribe, geny = genesis or origin
More informationPhylogeny and Systematics
Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Modified by Maria Morlin racing phylogeny Phylogeny: he evolutionary
More informationBiodiversity. The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life
Biodiversity The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life How the 6 kingdoms came about At first, only two kingdoms were recognized Then Haeckel proposed a third kingdom Protista (where protists had both plant
More informationBiodiversity. The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life
Biodiversity The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life How the 6 kingdoms came about At first, only two kingdoms were recognized Then Haeckel proposed a third kingdom Protista (where protists had both plant
More informationOutline. Classification of Living Things
Outline Classification of Living Things Chapter 20 Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Taxonomy Binomial System Species Identification Classification Categories Phylogenetic Trees Tracing Phylogeny Cladistic Systematics
More informationLecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011
Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011 Phylogenetic tree (phylogeny) Darwin and classification: In the Origin, Darwin said that descent from a common ancestral species could explain why the Linnaean system
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Class: _ Date: _ Ch 17 Practice test 1. A segment of DNA that stores genetic information is called a(n) a. amino acid. b. gene. c. protein. d. intron. 2. In which of the following processes does change
More information2 Big Challenges of Classification
Classification Classification Classify to group things together based on similarities Why Classify? To make organisms/items easier to identify To make organisms/items easier to compare Allows us to predict
More informationTaxonomy and Biodiversity
Chapter 25/26 Taxonomy and Biodiversity Evolutionary biology The major goal of evolutionary biology is to reconstruct the history of life on earth Process: a- natural selection b- mechanisms that change
More informationBiology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY!
Biology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY Chapter 1 KEY FIGURES: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 VOCABULARY: Adaptation: a trait that increases the fitness Cells: a developed, system bound with a thin outer layer made of
More informationCLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS. Chapter 18
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS Chapter 18 How many species are there? About 1.8 million species have been given scientific names Nearly 2/3 of which are insects 99% of all known animal species are smaller
More informationThe practice of naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy.
Chapter 18 Key Idea: Biologists use taxonomic systems to organize their knowledge of organisms. These systems attempt to provide consistent ways to name and categorize organisms. The practice of naming
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life EVOLUTON K E Y C O N C E P T S Figure 26.1 What is this organism? 26.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships 26.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and
More informationURRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE What kind of organism is this? 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Pearson Education, Inc.
2 MPELL IOLOGY IN FOUS URRY IN WSSERMN MINORSKY REEE What kind of organism is this? Phylogeny Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SEON EITION onvergent
More informationSECTION 17-1 REVIEW BIODIVERSITY. VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms.
SECTION 17-1 REVIEW BIODIVERSITY VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms. 1. taxonomy, taxon 2. kingdom, species 3. phylum, division 4. species name, species
More informationHow should we organize the diversity of animal life?
How should we organize the diversity of animal life? The difference between Taxonomy Linneaus, and Cladistics Darwin What are phylogenies? How do we read them? How do we estimate them? Classification (Taxonomy)
More information9.3 Classification. Lesson Objectives. Vocabulary. Introduction. Linnaean Classification
9.3 Classification Lesson Objectives Outline the Linnaean classification, and define binomial nomenclature. Describe phylogenetic classification, and explain how it differs from Linnaean classification.
More informationAP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.B. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.B Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Enduring Understanding 1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from
More informationClassification. copyright cmassengale
Classification 1 Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified 2 What is
More informationConcept Modern Taxonomy reflects evolutionary history.
Concept 15.4 Modern Taxonomy reflects evolutionary history. What is Taxonomy: identification, naming, and classification of species. Common Names: can cause confusion - May refer to several species (ex.
More informationBiology 1B Evolution Lecture 2 (February 26, 2010) Natural Selection, Phylogenies
1 Natural Selection (Darwin-Wallace): There are three conditions for natural selection: 1. Variation: Individuals within a population have different characteristics/traits (or phenotypes). 2. Inheritance:
More informationCHAPTER 26 PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE Connecting Classification to Phylogeny
CHAPTER 26 PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE Connecting Classification to Phylogeny To trace phylogeny or the evolutionary history of life, biologists use evidence from paleontology, molecular data, comparative
More informationAutotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food.
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food. Heterotrophs must get energy by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life EVOLUTON KEY CONCEPTS Figure 26. What is this organism? 26. Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships 26.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular
More informationIntroduction to characters and parsimony analysis
Introduction to characters and parsimony analysis Genetic Relationships Genetic relationships exist between individuals within populations These include ancestordescendent relationships and more indirect
More informationFig. 26.7a. Biodiversity. 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading. 2. Course Syllabus. Fig. 26.7b Table
Fig. 26.7a Biodiversity 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading 2. Course Syllabus Fig. 26.7b Table 26.2-1 1 Table 26.2-2 Outline: Systematics and the Phylogenetic Revolution I. Naming and
More informationClassification and Phylogeny
Classification and Phylogeny The diversity of life is great. To communicate about it, there must be a scheme for organization. There are many species that would be difficult to organize without a scheme
More informationOrganizing Life on Earth
Organizing Life on Earth Inquire: Organizing Life on Earth Overview Scientists continually obtain new information that helps to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Each group of organisms
More informationClassification, Phylogeny yand Evolutionary History
Classification, Phylogeny yand Evolutionary History The diversity of life is great. To communicate about it, there must be a scheme for organization. There are many species that would be difficult to organize
More informationVisualizing Phylogenetic Relationships
Visualizing Phylogenetic Relationships Figure 26.5 Instructors: Additional questions related to this Visualizing Figure can be assigned in MasteringBiology. A phylogenetic tree visually represents a hypothesis
More informationPhylogenies & Classifying species (AKA Cladistics & Taxonomy) What are phylogenies & cladograms? How do we read them? How do we estimate them?
Phylogenies & Classifying species (AKA Cladistics & Taxonomy) What are phylogenies & cladograms? How do we read them? How do we estimate them? Carolus Linneaus:Systema Naturae (1735) Swedish botanist &
More informationAP Biology. Cladistics
Cladistics Kingdom Summary Review slide Review slide Classification Old 5 Kingdom system Eukaryote Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals New 3 Domain system reflects a greater understanding of evolution
More informationClassification and Phylogeny
Classification and Phylogeny The diversity it of life is great. To communicate about it, there must be a scheme for organization. There are many species that would be difficult to organize without a scheme
More informationChapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny
Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny AP Curriculum Alignment Chapter 19 expands on the topics of phylogenies and cladograms, which are important to Big Idea 1. In order for students to understand
More informationPHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HEREDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 11 Chapter 26 Activity #15 NAME DATE PERIOD PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS PHYLOGENY Evolutionary history of species or group of related species SYSTEMATICS Study
More informationSection 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Name Class Date Section 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity (pages 447-450) Key Concepts How are living things organized for study? What is binomial nomenclature? What is Linnaeus s system of classification?
More informationChapter 17. Organizing Life's Diversity
Chapter 17 Organizing Life's Diversity Key Concepts: Chapter 17 1. List the 3 domains and the 6 kingdoms. 2. Our current system of classification was originally based on structures; scientists now base
More informationNeed for systematics. Applications of systematics. Linnaeus plus Darwin. Approaches in systematics. Principles of cladistics
Topics Need for systematics Applications of systematics Linnaeus plus Darwin Approaches in systematics Principles of cladistics Systematics pp. 474-475. Systematics - Study of diversity and evolutionary
More informationThe Tree of Life. Chapter 17
The Tree of Life Chapter 17 1 17.1 Taxonomy The science of naming and classifying organisms 2000 years ago Aristotle Grouped plants and animals Based on structural similarities Greeks and Romans included
More informationCLASSIFICATION NOTES
CLASSIFICATION NOTES Classification Classification = arrangement of living things into groups according to their observed similarities. Important because it allows us to be able to study life easier Living
More informationHow Biological Diversity Evolves
CHAPTER 14 How Biological Diversity Evolves PowerPoint Lectures for Essential Biology, Third Edition Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon Essential Biology with Physiology, Second Edition Neil Campbell,
More informationMultiple Choice Write the letter on the line provided that best answers the question or completes the statement.
Chapter 18 Classification Chapter Test A Multiple Choice Write the letter on the line provided that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1. Scientists assign each kind of organism a universally
More informationLearning Outcome B1 13/10/2012. Student Achievement Indicators. Taxonomy: Scientific Classification. Student Achievement Indicators
Classification of Living Organisms Learning Outcome B1 Learning Outcome B1 Apply the Kingdom System of classification to study the diversity of organisms. Student Achievement Indicators Students who have
More informationEssence of Darwin s ideas. LaMarckian vs. Darwinian view. Convergent Evolution. Natural selection in action 9/7/2015
Essence of Darwin s ideas Variation exists in natural populations Many more offspring are born each season than can possibly survive to maturity As a result, there is a struggle for existence competition
More informationThe Road to the Six Kingdoms
Bio 2201 Unit 2 The Road to the Six Kingdoms A 2011study estimated there are about 8.6 million species on earth. Only 1.8 million species have been identified and named. *Chromista is a sub-kingdom group
More informationPhylogeny and the Tree of Life
26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life KEY CONC EPTS 26.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships 26.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data 26.3 Shared characters are used to construct
More informationClassification and Viruses Practice Test
Classification and Viruses Practice Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part
More informationCH. 18 Classification
CH. 18 Classification Name:_ 1. Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part because organisms a. are going extinct. b. are very numerous and diverse. c. are too much alike. d. share
More informationPHYLOGENY WHAT IS EVOLUTION? 1/22/2018. Change must occur in a population via allele
PHYLOGENY EXERCISE 1 AND 2 WHAT IS EVOLUTION? The theory that all living organisms on earth are related and have a common ancestor. These organism have changed over time and are continuing to change. Changes
More informationBackground: Why Is Taxonomy Important?
Background: Why Is Taxonomy Important? Taxonomy is the system of classifying, or organizing, living organisms into a system based on their similarities and differences. Imagine you are a scientist who
More informationPhylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)
More informationPhylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)
More informationPhylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)
More informationUnit 9: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total)
Name: AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Unit 9: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total) Chapter 22 Descent
More information9/19/2012. Chapter 17 Organizing Life s Diversity. Early Systems of Classification
Section 1: The History of Classification Section 2: Modern Classification Section 3: Domains and Kingdoms Click on a lesson name to select. Early Systems of Classification Biologists use a system of classification
More informationCharacteristics of Life
UNIT 2 BIODIVERSITY Chapter 4- Patterns of Life Biology 2201 Characteristics of Life All living things share some basic characteristics: 1) living things are organized systems made up of one or more cells
More informationClassification Practice Test
Classification Practice Test Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. An organism may have different
More informationChapter 16: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies
Chapter Review 1. Use the phylogenetic tree shown at the right to complete the following. a. Explain how many clades are indicated: Three: (1) chimpanzee/human, (2) chimpanzee/ human/gorilla, and (3)chimpanzee/human/
More informationThe Tree of Life Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.
CHAPTER 17 The Tree of Life GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. 17.2 Classification Based
More informationClassification Cladistics & The Three Domains of Life. Biology Mrs. Flannery
Classification Cladistics & The Three Domains of Life Biology Mrs. Flannery Finding Order in Diversity Earth is over 4.5 billion years old. Life on Earth appeared approximately 3.5 billion years ago and
More informationUnit 7: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total)
AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Name: Unit 7: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total) Chapter 22 Descent
More informationUnit 5: Taxonomy. KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.
KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. White
More informationKEY CONCEPTS OVERVIEW
0 Phylogeny Figure 0.1 What kind of organism is this? Figure 0.0 KEY CONCEPTS 0.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships 0. Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data 0.3 Shared
More informationCLASSIFICATION. Similarities and Differences
CLASSIFICATION Similarities and Differences TEKS 8A: Students will define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standard system to the scientific community 8B: Students will categorize organisms using
More informationOrganizing Life s Diversity
17 Organizing Life s Diversity section 2 Modern Classification Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased. What You ll Learn species concepts methods to reveal phylogeny
More informationClassification Systems. - Taxonomy
Classification Systems - Taxonomy Why Classify? 2.5 million kinds of organisms Not complete- 20 million organisms estimated Must divide into manageable groups To work with the diversity of life we need
More informationUnit 8 Classification
Unit 8 Classification Chapter 18: Classification www.pearsonrealize.com 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity (510) 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification (516) 18.3 Building the Tree of Life (523) Name: Teacher:
More informationClassification. Living. Things. Amy Brown Science Stuff
Classification of Living Amy Brown Science Stuff Things Scientists have described and named a total of: 1.5 million species. It is estimated that the total number of species is about: 10 million. Life
More informationCladistics and Bioinformatics Questions 2013
AP Biology Name Cladistics and Bioinformatics Questions 2013 1. The following table shows the percentage similarity in sequences of nucleotides from a homologous gene derived from five different species
More informationObjectives. Classification. Activity. Scientists classify millions of species
Objectives Classification Notes 8.1 Summarize classification Describe the evidence used to classify organisms. List the seven levels of classification. Describe and list the six kingdoms of living organisms
More information1. Construct and use dichotomous keys to identify organisms. 2. Define scientific name and the binomial system of nomenclature.
OBJECTIVE SHEET TAXONOMY 1. Construct and use dichotomous keys to identify organisms. 2. Define scientific name and the binomial system of nomenclature. 3. Name and describe the general characteristics
More informationChapter 18 Systematics: Seeking Order Amidst Diversity
Chapter 18 Systematics: Seeking Order Amidst Diversity Bird Diversity in Indonesia Chapter 18 At a Glance 18.1 How Are Organisms Named and Classified? 18.2 What Are the Domains of Life? 18.1 How Are Organisms
More informationClassification Chapter 18
Classification Chapter 18 The domain system Prokaryotic domains Bacteria and Archaea Eukaryotes Are in the domain Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Earliest organisms Prokaryotes Eukoryotes Figure 15.10B
More information