Table of Contents. Chapter Preview. 3.1 Discovering Cells. 3.2 Looking Inside Cells. 3.3 Chemical Compounds in Cells. 3.4 The Cell In Its Environment
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1 Table of Contents Chapter Preview 3.1 Discovering Cells 3.2 Looking Inside Cells 3.3 Chemical Compounds in Cells 3.4 The Cell In Its Environment
2 Chapter 3 Preview Questions 1. In a microscope, an image is focused by a. the eyepiece lens and the mirror. b. the objective lens and the mirror. c. the eyepiece lens and the objective lens. d. the objective lens and a concave lens.
3 Chapter 3 Preview Questions 1. In a microscope, an image is focused by a. the eyepiece lens and the mirror. b. the objective lens and the mirror. c. the eyepiece lens and the objective lens. d. the objective lens and a concave lens.
4 Chapter 3 Preview Questions 2. An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of a. slides. b. lenses. c. mirrors. d. light.
5 Chapter 3 Preview Questions 2. An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of a. slides. b. lenses. c. mirrors. d. light.
6 Chapter 3 Preview Questions 3. Cells break down carbohydrates to get for life processes. a. energy b. food c. oxygen. d. carbon dioxide
7 Chapter Preview Questions 3. Cells break down carbohydrates to get for life processes. a. energy b. food c. oxygen d. carbon dioxide
8 Chapter 3 Preview Questions 4. Cells in green plants make a. food and carbon dioxide. b. water and carbon dioxide. c. food and oxygen. d. water and carbon dioxide.
9 Chapter 3 Preview Questions 4. Cells in green plants make a. food and carbon dioxide. b. water and carbon dioxide. c. food and oxygen. d. water and carbon dioxide.
10 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function What is the structure of a cell? You hear that a pinch of soil may contain millions of organisms. What optical tools would you use to see these organisms and to study their structure?
11 Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example Word chlor- green chloroplast A cellular structure that captures energy from sunlight
12 Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example Word cyto- cell cytoskeleton The framework inside a cell
13 Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example Word multi- many multicellular Having many cells
14 Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example Word uni- one unicellular Having one cell
15 Apply It! 1. A chloroplast is a structure in plant cells. What color do you think a chloroplast is? green 2. What clue within the word cytoplasm lets you know that the word has something to do with cells? the prefix cyto-
16 Chapter 3.1 Cell Structure and Function Section 1: Discovering Cells re=related How did the invention of the microscope contribute to knowledge about living things? What is the cell theory? How are the cells of multicellular organisms organized?
17 Chapter 3.1 Cell Structure and Function Development of the Cell Theory The cell theory states the following: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. All cells are produced from other cells.
18 Unicellular and Multicellular Unicellular, or single-celled, organisms include bacteria, the most numerous organisms on Earth. Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells. Unicellular Multicellular
19 Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Virtually all forms of life fall into one of two categories: eukaryotes or prokaryotes. Eukaryotic Cells The cells of complex organisms, including all plants and animals Prokaryotic Cells Simple organisms, including bacteria and bluegreen algae Contain a nucleus and many other organelles, each surrounded by a membrane (the nucleus and mitochondrion have two membranes) Lack a nucleus and other membrane-encased organelles Can specialize for certain functions, such as absorbing nutrients from food or transmitting nerve impulses; groups cells can form large, multicellular organs and organisms Usually exist as single, virtually identical cells Most animal cells are micrometers across, Most are 1 10 micrometers across and most plant cells are micrometers across
20 H9DU How did we learn about the cell and develop the cell theory
21 Robert Hooke- the cell Scientists first saw cells by using traditional light microscopes. In fact, it was Robert Hooke ( ), looking through a microscope at a thin slice of cork, who coined the word "cell." He chose the word to describe the boxlike holes in the plant cells because they reminded him of the cells of a monastery.
22 Anton van Leeuwenhoek The Dutch naturalist and microscopist Anton van Leeuwenhoek ( ), using simple microscopes of his own making, discovered bacteria, protozoa, spermatozoa, rotifers, Hydra and Volvox, and also parthenogenesis in aphids. He coined the term animialcules
23 Schleiden Matthias Jakob Schleiden (5 April June 1881) was a German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory, along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow.
24 Theodor Schwann Theodor Schwann (7 December January 1882) was a German physiologist. His many contributions to biology include the development of cell theory, the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, the discovery and study of pepsin, the discovery of the organic nature of yeast, and the invention of the term metabolism. Death came to Schwann on Jan. 11, 1882, 2 years after his retirement, in Cologne.
25 Virchow Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (13 October September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health. Referred to as "the father of pathology," he is considered one of the founders of social medicine. Virchow's cell theory, "omnis cellula e cellula" - every living cell comes from another living cell.
26 Section 3.2: Looking Inside Cells What role do the cell wall and cell membrane play in the cell? What is the role of the nucleus in the cell? What organelles are found in the cytoplasm and what are their functions? How do cells differ?
27 Plant and Animal Cells
28 Nucleus The nucleus is the cell s control center, directing all of the cell s activities. It is like the brain of the cell
29 Mitochondrion Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they make energy for the cell from the energy in food.
30 Endoplasmic Reticulum The E.R. transports proteins and other materials throughout the cell. The spots on this organelle are ribosomes, which produce proteins.
31 Golgi Body The Golgi bodies receive proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, package them, and distribute them to other parts of the cell. Golgi bodies are the mailroom of a cell.
32 Plant and Animal Cells
33 Lysosomes Lysosomes also act as cellular garbage trucks, hauling away unusable waste and dumping it outside the cell. Powerful enzymes and acids chew to bits anything that ends up inside.
34 Ribosomes All cellular organisms, including bacteria, have ribosomes. And all ribosomes are composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes make proteins for a cell
35 Section 3.3: Chemical Compounds in Cells What are elements and compounds? How is water important to the function of cells? What are the functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?
36 Elements and Compounds Carbon dioxide, which is found in gas bubbles, is a chemical compound. So is water.
37 Compounds in Bacteria and Mammals All cells contain carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as water and other inorganic compounds. But do all cells contain the same percentages of these compounds? The graph compares the percentage of some compounds found in a bacterial cell and a cell from a mammal.
38 Compounds in Bacteria and Mammals Reading Graphs: What do the red bars represent? What do the blue bars represent? Red bars represent percentages of compounds in bacterial cells; blue bars represent percentages of compounds in mammalian cells.
39 Compounds in Bacteria and Mammals Interpreting Data: What percentage of a mammalian cell is made up of water? How does this compare to the percentage of water in a bacterial cell? About 70%; the percentages are the same.
40 Compounds in Bacteria and Mammals Interpreting Data: Which kind of compound proteins or nucleic acids makes up the larger percentage of a mammalian cell? Proteins
41 Compounds in Bacteria and Mammals Drawing Conclusions: In general, how do a bacterial cell and mammalian cell compare in their chemical composition? They are similar, though mammalian cells have a lower percentage of nucleic acids, and bacterial cells have a lower percentage of lipids and fewer proteins.
42 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN CELLS 1. ATOMS: SMALL UNITS THAT CONSIST OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS. ATOMS COMBINE TO MAKE ELEMENTS. 2. ELEMENTS: MADE UP OF ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM (PERIODIC TABLE). ELEMENTS COMBINE TO FORM COMPOUNDS. 3. COMPOUNDS: TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS. H20 IS THE COMPOUND WATER. 4. MOLECULES: THE SMALLEST PIECE OF A COMPOUND STILL HAVING THE PROPERTIES OF THAT COMPOUND.
43 ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: FOUND IN LIVING THINGS AND CONTAIN THE ELEMENT CARBON (C) EXCEPT CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2). 2) INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: DON T CONTAIN CARBON. CARBOHYDRATES PROVIDE ENERGY HAVE ELEMENTS CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN SUGARS AND STARCHES CELLULOSE (PLANT CELL WALLS)
44 PROTEINS MEAT, POULTRY, EGGS, FISH, BEANS, NUTS MADE UP OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, AND SOMETIMES SULFUR. BUILDING BLOCKS FOR MUCH OF THE HUMAN BODY (HAIR, SKIN, NAILS, and ENZYMES). MADE OF AMINO ACIDS (20) ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS
45 LIPIDS FATS AND CHOLESTEROL HIGH IN ENERGY CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.
46 NUCLEIC ACIDS CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS DNA AND RNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) (RIBONUCLEIC ACID) DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL THAT CARRIES TRAITS FROM PARENTS TO THEIR OFFSPRING. RNA IS THE MATERIAL INVOLVED IN MAKING PROTEINS.
47 WATER AND LIVING THINGS NECESSARY FOR MOST CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE BODY. MAKES UP 2/3 OF OUR BODIES. HELPS CELLS KEEP THEIR SHAPE
48 End of Section: Chemical Compounds in Cells
49 Section 3. 4: The Cell in Its Environment How do most small molecules cross the cell membrane? Why is osmosis important to cells? What is the difference between passive and active transport?
50 A Selective Barrier The cell membrane protects the contents of the cell and helps control the materials that enter and leave.
51 OSMOSIS, DIFFUSION AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT OSMOSIS = THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN OR OUT OF A CELL.
52 Osmosis In osmosis, water diffuses through a selectively permeable membrane.
53 2. DIFFUSION = THE MOVEMENT OF OTHER MOLECULES INTO OR OUT OF A CELL.
54 Diffusion In diffusion, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
55 Passive and Active Transport Passive and active transport are two processes by which materials pass through the cell membrane. Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy, while passive transport does not.
56 3. ACTIVE TRANSPORT= WHEN CELLS USE ENERGY TO GET SUBSTANCES IN OR OUT. A. TRANSPORT PROTEINS = PROTEINS THAT PICK UP SUBSTANCES AND CARY THEM IN (POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM). B. TRANSPORT BY ENGULFING = THE CELL MOVES AROUND A SUBSTANCE AND ENGULFS IT.
57 THE SIZE OF CELLS CELLS ARE SMALL SO THEY: HAVE MORE SURFACE AREA FOR TRANSPORTING MATERIALS IN AND OUT. DON T HAVE FAR FOR SUBSTANCES TO ENTER OR LEAVE THE CELLS INTERIOR
58 Ratios The concentration of a solution can be expressed as a ratio. A ratio compares two numbers. It tells you how much you have of one item in comparison to another. For example, suppose you dissolve 5 g of sugar in 1 L of water. You can express the concentration of the solution in ratio form as 5 g:1 L, or 5 g/l. Practice Problem Suppose you dissolve 7 g of salt in 1 L of water. Express the concentration of the solution as a ratio. 7 g:1 L or 7 g/l
59 End of Section: The Cell in Its Environment
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