Gene Expression. Molecular Genetics, March, 2018
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1 Gene Expression Molecular Genetics, March, 2018
2 Gene Expression Control of Protein Levels Bacteria Lac Operon Promoter mrna Inducer CAP Control Trp Operon RepressorOperator Control Attenuation Riboswitches
3 Eukaryotes Scheme - Chromatin Organization Histones Nucleosome
4 Epigenetics Histone Modifications Study DNA Methylation Transcriptional Control Enhancers Transcription Factors DNA Bending Insulators
5 Iron Metabolism Regulation - IRE Ferritin Regulation Transferrin Receptor Regulation RNA Interference - sirna mirna Argonaut Activity Translation Inhibition Benefits
6 Gene Expression
7 Gene Expression Controls on Protein Levels Transcription Splicing Polyadenylation mrna Stability Translation Protein Stability
8 Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter
9 Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter Polycistronic Message in Prokaryotes
10 Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter Allo-Lactose Lactose
11 Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter
12 Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter
13 Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter CAP camp CAP Site of DNA
14 Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter From Wikimedia Commons
15 Prokaryotic Transcription Control - Termination/Attenuation From Wikimedia Commons
16 Prokaryotic Transcription Control - Termination/Attenuation
17 Transcription/Translation Control - Riboswitches Cis-acting sequences Anti-terminator Terminator
18 Transcription/Translation Control - Riboswitches Lysine Bound to Riboswitch
19 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Much More Complexity Chromatin Many Transcription Factors Enhancers
20 Transcriptional Control - Eukaryotes
21 RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin Chromatin is the Complex of DNA, Protein, and RNA Comprising Eukaryotic Chromosomes For RNA Polymerase to Perform Transcription, Access Must Be Gained to the DNA Increasing Magnification
22 RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Epigenetics
23 RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin A Nucleosome is a Fundamental Unit of Chromatin Structure Contains Two Copies Each of Four Histone Proteins - H2a, H2B, H3, and H4 DNA is Wrapped Around this Octet Core and Histone H1 is on the Outside
24 RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin Histone Proteins Are Rich in Basic Amino Acids, Making Them Positively Charged The Positively Charged Proteins Are Attracted Strongly to the Negatively Charged Phosphates of the DNA Chemical Modifications That Affect These Charges Influence Transcription
25 RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin
26 RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin Histone Acetyl Transferases (HATs) Use Acetyl-CoA to Put Acetyl Groups on Lysines in Histones This Neutralizes Their Positive Charge and Loosens Interactions With the Histones, Facilitating Re Acetylated Lysines Can Also be Binding Targets for Proteins Affecting Transcription Unwinding of Complex
27 RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Epigenetics
28 RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin Histone Acetylation Favors Euchromatin and Stimulates Transcription Histone De-Acetylases Reverse These Effects, Favoring Heterochromatin and Gene Silencing The Sirtuin 1 deacetylase in humans down-regulated with insulin resistance Numerous Chemical Modifications are Made to Histone Proteins Acetylation / Deacetylation Methylation / Demethylation Phosphorylation / Dephosphorylation Ubiquitination Chemical Modification to Bases in DNA Can Also Affect Transcription Open and Accessible to Transcription Complex Condensed and Not Accessible
29 RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Epigenetics
30 Epigenetics Chemical Modifications in Histones and DNA Can Cross Generational Barriers Transcriptional Effects Can Thus Be Transmitted From Parent to Progeny Independent of the Sequence of the DNA. Such Influences are Called Epigenetic
31 Epigenetics Patterns of modification of chromosomes cross generational barriers. Genetic Imprinting Överkalix study 1. A greater body mass index (BMI) at 9 years in sons, but not daughters, of fathers who began smoking early. 2. The paternal grandfather's food supply was only linked to the mortality RR of grandsons and not granddaughters. 3. The paternal grandmother's food supply was only associated with the granddaughters' mortality risk ratio. The estimation of the percentage of human genes subject to parental imprinting is approximately one to two percent, currently parental imprinting has been identified in fewer than 100 distinct named genes.
32 Transcriptional Control - Eukaryotes Methylation of CpG sequences in eukaryotes inhibits transcription
33 Transcriptional Control - Eukaryotes
34
35 Transcriptional Control - Eukaryotes
36 RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Transcription Blocking Insulators Allows Enhancer to Activate Transcription Insulators Can Block Enhancer s Activation of Transcription
37 Iron Transfer & Storage Ferritin - Cellular Protein to Bind Iron Transferrin Receptor - Membrane Protein to Transfer Iron
38 Iron Transfer & Storage Iron Response Element (IRE) Iron Response Element Binding Protein (IRE-BP)
39 Iron Transfer & Storage - Translation Regulation
40 Iron Transfer & Storage - mrna Stability
41 RNA RNA Interference RNA Interference is a Powerful Means of Controlling Gene Expression Viral and Endogenous Cellular Genes Are Targets A Similar System Called pirna (piwi RNA) Protects Against Transposon Genes Considerable Interest in Using Technique to Genetically Transform Organisms for Protect Against Pathogens
42 Cellular Source RNA Cellular Pre-Processing Transcription RNA Interference Double-Stranded RNA is Stimulus Processing Viral Infection 20 bp pieces RISC RISC Target Complementary Sequences in mrnas
43 RNA RNA Interference RISC Complementary Sequences Align RISC + mrna Argonaute Activity in RISC Breaks mrna, Stops Translation Translation of mrna Stopped + RISC
44 RNA RNA Interference Protection Against Invading Viruses Stimulated by dsrna mirna (cellular) & sirna (foreign) Cellular piwi RNAs (pirna) have similar functions in silencing transposons Widespread in Eukaryotes Actions referred to as RNA Interference (RNAi) RNA Interference Operates Through the Silencing of Gene Expression DS RNA induces Dicer to chop it into 20 BP Pieces These sirnas/mirnas bind to the RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) One Strand is Destroyed and One Retained to Bind to Complementary mrna sequences RISC Nuclease Activity (Argonaute) 1. Destroys mrna Where Strand Binds or 2. sirna/mirna strand on mrna blocks translation or 3. si/rna/mirna strand destabilizes mrna and Targets for Destruction
45 RNA RNA Interference Bonding to mrna Premature Stopping of Translation Degradation of mrna
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