Proceedings in Life Sciences

Transcription

1 Proceedings in Life Sciences

2 Toxins, Drugs, and Pollutants in Marine Animals Edited by L. Bolis 1. Zadunaisky R. Gilles With 67 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo 1984

3 Professor Dr. L. BOLls (Scientific Editor Part B) Institute of General Physiology University of Messina, Via dei Verdi Messina, Italy Professor Dr. J. ZADUNAISKY (Scientific Editor Part A) Department of Physiology and Biophysics New York University Medical Center 550 First Avenue New York, NY 10016, USA Professor Dr. R. GILLES (Coordinating Editor) Laboratory of Animal Physiology University of Liege, 22, Quai van Beneden B-4020 Liege, Belgium For explanation of the cover motive see Scheme 1, page 6. ISBN -13 : e-isbn -13: DOl: / Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Main entry under title: Toxins, drugs, and pollutants in marine animals. (Proceedings in life sciences) Includes index. 1. Marine fauna Effect of water pollution on. 2. Marine toxins. 3. Marine pharmacology. I. Bolis, Liana. II. Zadunaisky, Jose A. III. Gilles, R. IV. Series. QL121.T ' This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. "Under 54 of the German Copyright Law, where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to 'Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort', Munich." by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1984 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 2131/

4 Foreword The importance of toxins and other phanuacologically active compounds obtained from marine animals cannot be emphasized enough. The use of these chemicals for defense or attack of other life fonus are of interest in themselves; however, they are of great importance in our understanding of their mechanisms of action in view of possible application in the defense of man (no doubt a predator) and in biology and medicine. The toxin of the flat fish Pardachirus presented in some of the papers of this book is an example of a defense mechanism based on secretion of a toxin that could possibly be extended to being used to defend man himself from sharks, the marine predators par excellence. August, 1984 J. ZADUNAISKY

5 Preface The study of toxins, drugs, and pollutants in the marine environment, and their impact on human life existed already in Babylon and Assyria, Egypt, Persia, India, China, Japan, Greece, Rome and South America. Nevertheless, less is known about ethnic marine biology than about ethnobotany. Only recently however, have active biotoxins been used as molecular probes in neuropharmacology, offering intriguing new insights into nervous activity and muscular functions. It is clear from the presentations at this meeting that much remains to be done, and certainly new, more pharmacologically oriented findings lie ahead. Toxic effects of pollutants are being studied increasingly especially for their involvement in respiratory and osmoregulatory systems at fish gill level and in invertebrates. The importance of solubility of pollutants in seawater should be taken into account, since the physicochemical features of the marine environment are by no means uniform. Another particular aspect of pollution is acid rain, the name given to the wet precipitation of pollutants S02/S03 and N02/HN03. AI" though this kind of pollution is more relevant to freshwater, woods, and buildings, it nevertheless also affects the sea environment. The main effect of acid rain on teleosteons and invertebrates appears to be the alteration of the membrane composition at the gill level where the main changes induced are in the plasmalogens; at present, however, useful studies can only be performed on freshwater teleosteons. The Symposium was also supplemented by shorter presentations and poster sessions centered on the central theme. August, 1984 L. BOLlS

6 Contents Part A Toxins and Drugs of Marine Animals Shark-Repelling Ichthyotoxins from the Defensive Secretion of the Sole Pardachirus pavoninus K. Tachibana Surfactant and Channel-Fonning Activities of the Moses Sole Toxin A. Moran, Z. Korchak, N. Moran, and N. Primor Shark Repellents: Behavioral Bioassay in Laboratory and Field S.H. Gruber, E. Zlotkin, and D.R. Nelson.., Toxins from Marine Organisms: Studies on Antifouling G.J. Bakus and M. Kawaguchi Venoms and Venom Glands of Marine Molluscs R. Fange Discharge Mechanism of the Nematocysts of Pelagia noctiluca A. Salleo Role of High Concentrations of Ca, Cu, and Zn in the Maturation and Discharge in Situ of Sea Anemone Nematocysts as Shown by X-Ray Microanalysis of Cryosections B.L. Gupta and T.A. Hall Part B Responses of Marine Animals to Pollutants Respiratory Adaptations of Marine Fish in Relation to Their Mode of Ufe Under Different Environmental Conditions G.M. Hughes... 98

7 x Contents Transfer Changes in Fish Gills During Stress A.-L. Ungell, A. Kiessling, and S. Nilsson Effects of Acid Stress on Fish Gills C.L. Bolis, A. Cambria, and M. Fama... ; Superoxide Dismutase and Reduced Glutathione: Possible Defenses Operating in Hyperoxic Swimbladder of Fish V. Calabrese, F. Guerrera, M. Avitabile, M. Fama, and V. Rizza 130 Effects of Metal Ions on Respiratory Structures K. Simkiss Heavy Metal Storage in Marine Animals Under Various Environmental Conditions J.M. Bouquegneau, M. Martoja, and M. Truchet Biochemical Differences in Field Populations of the Common Mussel Mytilus edulis L. Exposed to Hydrocarbons: Some Considerations of Biochemical Monitoring D.R. Livingstone Copper and the Mussel Mytilus edulis L. J. Davenport and K.J. Redpath Subject Index

8 List of Contributors You will fmd the addresses at the beginning of the respective contribution Bakus, G.J. 43 Bolis, C.L. 122 Bouquegneau, J.M. 147 Calabrese, V. 130 Cambria, A. 122 Davenport, J. 176 Hinge, R. 47 Fama, M. 130 Gruber, S.H. 26 Guerra, F. 130 Gupta, B.L. 77 Hall, T.A. 77 Hughes, G.M. 98 Kawaguchi, M. 43 Kiessling, A. 114 Korchak, Z. 13 Livingstone, D.R. 161 Martoja, M. 147 Moran, A. 13 Moran, N. 13 Nelson, D.R. 26 Nilsson, S. 114 Primor, N. 13 Redpath, K.J. 176 Rizza, V. 130 Salleo, A. 63 Simkiss, K Tachibana, K. 2 Truchet, M. 147 Ungell, A.-L. 114 Zlotkin, E. 26