Introduction to Animal Diversity. Chapter 23.1, 23.2 and additional

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1 Introduction to Animal Diversity Chapter 23.1, 23.2 and additional 1

2 Think of an Animal... Does your choice have hair or fur? Does it have a skeleton? Over a million species of animals described 95% have no hair or skeleton These are the invertebrates 2

3 23.1 Animal Characteristics Most physically diverse kingdom Huge like blue whale OR teeny tiny like rotifer Specialized organs OR no distinct tissues 3

4 Animal Characteristics 1) Multicellular 2) Heterotrophic 3) Mobile 4) No cell walls 5) Diploid cells 6) Sexual reproduction 4

5 All animals Some very small Ex: Daphnia Daphnia clip 1:30 Others large Ex: Whale 1) Multicellular Blue Whale clip 1 min Size of cells about the same 5

6 2) Heterotrophic Hetero = other Troph = feeder Cannot make own food Ingest and digest inside the body 6

7 Unique ability Related to method of feeding 3) Mobile Most use muscle cells Specialized to contract Perform complex and rapid movements 7

8 4) No Cell Wall Have collagen Protein Strong and flexible Ex: Skin Bones Hair Nails Ligaments 8

9 2n 5) Diploid Two copies of each chromosome One from each parent Ex: 46 chromosomes in human cells 23 pairs 9

10 Body cells Advantage = exchange of genes New combinations! Haploid Just one of each chromosome Gametes 5) Diploid 10

11 6) Sexual Reproduction Involves gametes (Sex cells) Egg Females Larger Sperm Males Smaller Flagellated Union = fertilization 11

12 6) Sexual Reproduction Most sexual Some animals asexual and sexual Ex: hydra Few only asexual Ex: whiptail lizard all females 12

13 Homeotic Genes Control early development Every gene contains specific sequence of 180 nucleotides called homeobox (Hox) genes Defines head to tail development Mutation = development of body part in wrong place Ex: Antennapedia 13

14 23.2 Animal Diversity 14

15 Levels of Organization Organism Organ System Organs Tissues Cells Cells are the basic unit of life! 15

16 Stages of Development Most animals start as a fertilized egg Zygote develops into a blastula (All except sponges) 16

17 Stages of Development Blastula Hollow ball of cells Single layer Contains a fluid filled space Early stage of development Ex: Sea urchin 10 hours after fertilization 17

18 Stages of Development Blastula continues to develop Folds inward on one side and forms Gastrula Three layers form Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm 18

19 Gastrula Primary tissue layers Give rise to all tissues and organs Ectoderm Outer layer Skin, nervous tissue Endoderm Inner layer Respiratory, digestive, glands Mesoderm Middle Skeletal, muscle, circulatory, reproductive and excretory 19

20 Cells Working Together = Tissues Four basic types Nerve Muscle Connective Epithelial 20

21 Body Plans Describes animal s shape, symmetry, and internal organization Symmetry arrangement of body parts Types of symmetry Asymmetrical Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry 21

22 Asymmetrical Irregular shape Only sponges Often sessile Depends where they are growing 22

23 Body parts arranged around a central axis Like spokes on a wheel Imaginary plane through central axis divides body into halves Most are aquatic Move slowly or drift Radial Symmetry 23

24 Bilateral Symmetry Body parts arranged into distinct right and left halves Top, bottom, front, and back Most animals Major change Cephalization Concentration of sensory structures in the front end 24

25 Bilateral Symmetry General design Dorsal = top/upper surface Ventral = bottom/lower surface Anterior = front end Posterior = back end 25

26 Important Terms 26

27 Important Terms see handout Ventral - the underside Dorsal - the back of the animal; the side opposite the ventral side. The vertebral column of vertebrates is no the dorsal side of the animal. Lateral - toward the side Median - toward the middle Anterior - the head end Posterior - the end opposite the head end Caudal - toward the tail Cranial - toward the head Longitudinal - along a line from the head to the tail Transverse - along a line that is 90 to the longitudinal axis (see above) Superficial - shallow Pectoral - toward the forelimbs Pelvic - toward the rear limbs Distal - far from point of attachment Proximal near point of attachment 27

28 Stages of Development Tissue layers Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm 28

29 Body Cavities Bilaterally symmetrical animals Three kinds of internal plans No body cavity False body cavity Body cavity 29

30 Not Coelomates 1) Acoelomates No body cavity Space between body wall and gut filled with tissues Considered not as advanced 2) Pseudocoelomates False coelom Space between mesoderm and endoderm 30

31 3) Coelomates Have a Coelom Fluid filled space between body wall and gut Located entirely in the mesoderm True body cavity Internal organs protected from movement 31

32 Body Segmentation Repeating, similar body units All advanced animals More visible in invertebrates Ex: Segmented worms Segments move independently Materials move between segments Segments modified for different functions 32

33 Phylogenetic Tree Phylogenetic tree Branching diagram Shows relationships b/w groups of animals Relationships based on clues found in: Fossils Embryonic development DNA comparisons Best evidence 33

34 Kinds of Animals Kingdom Animalia 35 phyla Two major groups Vertebrates Invertebrates Go from simple to complex No segmentation to segmentation No body cavities to true body cavities 34

35 Animal Body Systems Tasks of living Different strategies Simple to complex Six important functions: 1) Digestion 2) Respiration 3) Circulation 4) Nerve impulses 5) Support 6) Excretion 35

36 1) Digestion Breaking food down into useable molecules Unicellular organisms and sponges Food broken down within cells Intracellular digestion Food source can not be larger than the cell 36

37 1) Digestion Other animals: Extracellular digestion Food broken down outside the cell Within a digestive cavity Digestive enzymes break down food Food can be larger than the cell 37

38 1) Digestion Simple animals Gastrovascular cavity Digestive cavity with one opening Two way flow No specialization All digestion in one spot 38

39 1) Digestion Complex animals Gut Digestive tract with two openings One way flow Specialization Areas with different functions 39

40 Digestive Systems 40

41 2) Respiration Gas exchange Oxygen Required to release energy (ATP) from cells Carbon dioxide Byproduct in reaction that produces ATP 41

42 2) Respiration Simple animals Ex: Jellyfish O 2 and CO 2 exchanged by diffusion across moist surface Direct exchange between skin and environment 42

43 2) Respiration Complex animals O 2 and CO 2 exchange requires specialized structures Many cells far from surface Simple diffusion not enough 43

44 2) Respiration Gills Thin Rich in blood vessels Large surface area Must be moist Some aquatic animals Few terrestrial animals 44

45 2) Respiration Lungs Bag-like Rich in blood vessels Some aquatic Most terrestrial 45

46 3) Circulation Simple animals Cells at or close to environment or gastrovascular cavity Oxygen and nutrients easy to get to No transportation required Diffusion is enough 46

47 3) Circulation Complex animals Cells not all close to sources of oxygen or nutrients Transportation required Diffusion not adequate 47

48 3) Circulatory Systems Two types: 1) Open Not as efficient Simple animals 2) Closed Most efficient Complex and active animals 48

49 1) Open 3) Circulatory Systems Heart pumps fluid into vessels and out to body cavities Blood or fluid Washes over tissues Collects in open space Flows back to heart 49

50 2) Closed 3) Circulatory Systems Blood Stays within vessels Materials diffuse into and out of blood stream Goes back to heart 50

51 4) Nervous Systems Allow sensing and responses Coordinate activities Neurons= Nerve cells Specialized to carry information by electrical impulses All major phyla have except sponges 51

52 4) Nervous Systems Simplest arrangement Nerve net Neurons linked like a web Little coordination Ex: hydra, jellyfish 52

53 4) Nervous Systems Bilaterally symmetric animals Ganglia Cluster of neurons Anterior end larger and more complex Brain-like Sensory Ex: planaria (flatworm) More complex have brains w/ eyes and etc. 53

54 5) Support Systems Skeleton Framework that supports body Protection Functions in movement Contraction of muscle tissue against framework 54

55 5) Support Systems A) Hydrostatic skeleton Water under pressure in a closed cavity Like a water balloon Muscles exert forces against to help move Soft-bodied invertebrates Ex: Hydra, earthworm 55

56 5) Support Systems B) Exoskeleton Rigid external skeleton Muscles attached to skeleton pull against to move Other invertebrates Ex: Insects, clams, crabs 56

57 5) Support Systems C) Endoskeleton Common in vertebrates Embedded w/in animal Rigid hard material (ex: bone) attached to muscles Pull against for motion 57

58 6) Excretion Removal of wastes produced by cellular metabolism Some highly toxic Ex: Ammonia All leave cells and are removed from body 58

59 6) Excretion Simple aquatic animals Excrete ammonia into water through skin or gills By diffusion Lose a lot of water too! 59

60 6) Excretion Terrestrial animals Must minimize water loss Many ways to remove wastes Excretory system Gets rid of wastes and excess water Converts ammonia to urea Keeps useful materials 60

61 6) Excretion Kidneys Concentrates metabolic wastes Excretes wastes as urine Regulate water balance 61

62 Reproduction Essential for survival Two basic types A) Asexual No sex cells B) Sexual Sex cells (gametes) 62

63 Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation Each piece grows new body Ex: sponge Pulling in half Ex: sea anemone 63

64 Asexual Reproduction Parthenogenesis Unusual Unfertilized egg forms new individual Some fish, amphibians, and lizards Common in insects Ex: Honey bees Drones from unfertilized eggs Pretend there is a bee here... If I don t have a picture. Buzzzz, Buzzzzz, Buzzzz. 64

65 Sexual Reproduction Union of egg and sperm Testes Sperm Ovaries Eggs 65

66 Sexual Reproduction Hermaphrodites Have both testes and ovaries Do not self fertilize Gametes produced at different times Reproductive advantage! Often in species that rarely meet or limited mobility Ex: slugs, earthworms, some fishes 66

67 Sexual Reproduction External fertilization Egg fertilized outside female s body Aquatic organisms Large number of gametes Small number survive Ex: Coral, frogs 67

68 Sexual Reproduction Internal fertilization Egg fertilized inside female s body Except sea horses (eggs placed w/in male s body) Male produces semen Fluid that contains sperm Placed in female s body Moist environment Terrestrial organisms use 68

69 Sexual Reproduction Zygote (fused egg and sperm) Must be kept safe and moist Aquatic eggs = jelly coat Terrestrial eggs = shell Eggs also develop internally Young are born live 69

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