Eukaryote Phylogeny. Glycogen. Kingdom Animalia. Amoebozoa Animalia. Plantae. Chromalveolata Rhizaria. Fungi. Excavata
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1 Eukaryote Phylogeny most protozoans, brown algae, & water molds Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Plantae Amoebozoa Animalia Fungi cpsts. w/ 2 memb. chitin, hyphae glycogen eukaryotic cells (nucleus, etc.) Glycogen glucose Kingdom Animalia multicellular, heterotrophic NO cell walls glycogen (food storage) collagen (structural protein) secreted extracellularly; animals make significant extracellular structure specialized intercellular junctions gap junctions
2 Animal Cell NO cell wall NO chloroplasts ribosomes vacuole mitochondrion nucleus endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm Golgi apparatus plasma memb. 6 H 2 O 6 CO 2 6 O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 (energy) Animal Liver Cell mitochondrion 36 ATP (cell energy) nucleus extra glucose (energy) stored as glycogen Collagen (protein secreted outside cells) human tendon section 3 collagen chains
3 Animal Phylogeny collagen, specialized intercellular junctions Sponges Sponges (glass, soft, calcareous) Aquatic; adults sessile (stay in one place). Asymmetrical No true tissues cells retain independence. Internal skeleton Suspension feeders Flagellated (collar) cells move water and capture food. Sponge Structure Sponge Skeletons Spicules = hard; silica (SiO 2 ) or calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) Spongin = soft; a form of collagen (cells secrete)
4 Animal Phylogeny tissues (e.g., muscles & nerves), ectoderm & endoderm Non-sponge Animals Cells organized into tissues. Tissues = integrated groups of cells with a similar structure and common function Development follows a common pattern. Cleavage = Cell divisions after fertilization (Zygote cytoplasm divided.) Yolk = nutrients stored in ovum (& zygote) Cells with large amounts of yolk don t divide completely. Cleavage Complete cleavage Incomplete cleavage yolk yolk yolk
5 Early Embryonic Stages Zygote Morula = solid mass of cells Blastula = hollow mass of cells Blastocoel = space within the blastula Gastrulation Gastrula = embryo undergoing gastrulation Gastrulation = Rearrangement of cells to form germ layers Germ layers = basic tissue layers formed during development Ectoderm = outer layer Endoderm = inner layer Mesoderm = middle layer; between ecto- and endoderm (none in ) Gastrulation
6 Animal Phylogeny tissues cnidocytes, polyp & medusa Phylum Jelly fishes, corals, & sea anemones All aquatic. Radial symmetry. Diploblastic = ectoand endoderm One opening to digestive cavity Cnidocytes Polyp and medusa Hydra Cross Section ectoderm endoderm
7 Coral Polyps & Jellyfish (medusa) Phylum mouth/anus mesoglea endoderm mesoglea ectoderm endoderm p. 625 polyp mouth/anus medusa ectoderm nucleus Cnidocyte nematocyst trigger p. 625
8 nucleus Cnidocyte nematocyst trigger p. 625 Animal Phylogeny tissues mesoderm (triploblastic), bilateral Bilateral Animals dorsal anterior lateral posterior ventral
9 Development Gastrulation sea urchin mesoderm mesoderm Neurulation Neurula = embryo undergoing neurulation Neurulation = ectoderm sinks in or folds in to form the nervous system (usually after receiving a signal from mesoderm) Body Cavities Acoelomate = mesoderm solid, no body cavity Pseudocoelomate = body cavity between mesoderm & endoderm Coelomate = body cavity within mesoderm
10 Animal Phylogeny tissues ventral nerve cords Nerve Cords Animal Phylogeny tissues Deuterostomes Protostomes Deuterostomes Protostomes
11 Phylum Flatworms (platy = flat); planaria, flukes, tapeworms Aquatic, terrestrial, and parasitic Bilateral; triploblastic; acoelomate One opening into digestive cavity (tapeworms = NO digestive cavity) Many human parasites. Flat, ventral nerve cords. Planaria, Flukes, & Tapeworms Planarian Cross Section ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
12 Animal Phylogeny tissues Deuterostomes Protostomes Phylum Mollusca Clams, snails, slugs, squid, & octopus Many species (more than vertebrates) Bilateral Triploblastic; coelomate Two digestive tract openings Most have a shell (CaCO 3 ) secreted by a sheet of tissue (the mantle). Muscular ventral foot. Many have rasping tongue = radula. Typical Mollusk shell mouth foot
13 Typical Mollusk heart shell mantle anus mouth foot ventral nerve cords gill Mollusks Animal Phylogeny tissues Deuterostomes Protostomes
14 Phylum Annelida Segmented worms and leeches. Aquatic or Moist Terrestrial. Bilateral Triploblastic; coelomate. Two digestive tract openings. Ventral nerve cord. Body distinctly segmented. Earthworm Cross Section ectoderm mesoderm coelom coelom endoderm Earthworms Subterranean. clitellum Eat dirt. Digest decaying matter, etc. Setae (bristles) on each segment. Hermaphroditic. Swap sperm to reproduce. Clitellum = structure that makes cocoon for the eggs mouth anus
15 Animal Phylogeny tissues Deuterostomes Protostomes molting Molting Molting = Shedding an external cuticle or exoskeleton to grow. Phylum Roundworms Many species. Bilateral. Triploblastic; pseudocoelomate. 2 digestive tract openings. Cuticle covers body; 4 molts to maturity. Only longitudinal muscles. (thrashing movement)
16 Ascaris (roundworm) Cross Section mesoderm pseudocoelom ectoderm endoderm Nematode Parasites Heartworm = dog blood parasite; spread by mosquitos Hookworm = human intestinal & blood parasite; larvae burrow into skin Guinea worm = human connective tissue parasite; larvae in water fleas Caenorhabditis elegans C. elegans; round worm Small soil nematode; feeds on E. coli in the lab. Genetics & Development well known Hermaphroditic
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