Unit 9: Diversity of Life Guided Reading Questions (90 pts total)

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1 AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Name: Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea Unit 9: Diversity of Life Guided Reading Questions (90 pts total) Concept 27.1 Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success. 1. What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes? (Figure 27.2) 2. How does a cell wall help a prokaryote survive? (list at least three ways) 3. Define the following terms: a. peptidoglycan b. Gram stain c. Gram-positive d. Gram-negative e. capsule f. endospore - g. fimbria h. pilus i. flagellum - Page 1 of 24

2 4. Describe the process of the creation of an endospore and why this helps the prokaryote. 5. Explain the movement of prokaryotes. (Be sure to include the term taxis. ) 6. Where do prokaryotes store their chromosome? 7. What is the purpose of having a plasmid and why is this essential? 8. Identify and explain two adaptations that enable prokaryotes to survive in environments too harsh for other organisms. Concept 27.2 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes. 9. Although mutation is the major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes, listed below are the other three ways variation is introduced. Briefly Explain each one. Source of Variation Summary Explanation transformation - transduction - conjugation - Page 2 of 24

3 10. Compare and contrast transduction and transformation (See Concept 16.1). 11. What occurs in bacterial conjugation? Concept 27.3 Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes. 12. Contrast the different modes of nutrition in a prokaryote. Be sure to include energy sources, carbon sources, and an example of the organism that uses this mode. a. photoautotroph - Energy source Carbon source Example b. chemoautotroph - c. photoheterotroph - d. chemoheterotroph Contrast the following three metabolic relationships to oxygen. a. obligate aerobes - b. obligate anaerobes - c. facultative anaerobes How does nitrogen fixation help prokaryotes become mostly self-sufficient? 15. Describe an example of metabolic cooperation involving a biofilm. Page 3 of 24

4 Concept 27.4 Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages. 16. Contrast the domains bacteria and archaea. 17. Define the following terms: a. extremophiles b. extreme halophiles c. extreme thermophiles d. methanogens Concept 27.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere. 18. Define each of these terms and give a specific example: a. decomposer - b. symbiosis c. host d. symbiont e. mutualism f. commensalism g. parasitism h. parasite i. pathogen - Page 4 of 24

5 Concept 27.6 Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans. 19. Explain the process of bioremediation and how it helps nature by using prokaryotes. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 20. Which of the following do bacteria use to attach to surfaces? A. pili B. flagella C. cell walls D. ribosomes Chapter 28 Protists Concept 28.1 Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms. 1. Protists vary in structure and function more than any other group of organisms. However, there are some common traits shared by all protists. List two of these common traits below. 2. Study Figure What are the four supergroups of eukaryotes? 3. Endosymbiosis was a key process in eukaryotic evolution. Many protist lineages are actually the result of secondary endosymbiosis. Distinguish between primary and secondary endosymbiosis and give an example of each. Definition Example Primary endosymbiosis: Secondary endosymbiosis: Page 5 of 24

6 4. Label the figure below (Figure 28.3) to show the key steps in several secondary endosymbiotic events. Concept 28.2 Excavates include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella. 5. List the basic characteristics of the following groups. a. diplomonads b. parabasalids c. euglenozoans - 6. What human disease is associated with the kinetoplastids? 7. Some euglenids are mixotrophs. What is a mixotroph? Page 6 of 24

7 Concept 28.3 The SAR clade is a highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities. 8. What are the defining characteristics of the following groups? a. stramenopiles - b. diatoms c. golden algae d. brown algae 9. What does the term alternation of generations specifically refer to? (Figure 28.13) 10. What is the main morphological feature shared by the organisms included in the alveolates? 11. What are the defining characteristics of the following groups? a. dinoflagellates b. apicomplexans c. ciliates 12. What are the defining characteristics of the following groups? a. rhizarians - b. radiolarioans - c. foraminiferans d. cercozoans Page 7 of 24

8 Concept 28.4 Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants. 13. What are some of the general characteristics of red algae? 14. What are the two main divisions of green algae? Concept 28.5 Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals. 15. What is the main morphological feature shared by the organisms included in the amoebozoans? 16. What are the basic characteristics of the following groups? a. slime molds b. tubulinids c. entamoebas 17. As explained in the introduction to this chapter, the former kingdom Protista is not a monophyletic group. Explain how groups like nucleariids and choanoflagellates illustrate why scientists have abandoned the kingdom Protista. Concept 28.6 Protists play key roles in ecological communities. 18. Justify the claim that photosynthetic protists ( algae ) are among the biosphere s most important organisms. Page 8 of 24

9 FEEDIN 19. Briefly describe three symbiotic relationships that include protists Paramecium, like other freshwater protists, constantly takes in water by osmosis from the hypotonic environment. Bladderlike contractile vacuoles accumulate excess water from radial canals and periodically expel it through the plasma membrane. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 20. The paramecium pictured here is an example of a typical A. ciliate. B. diatom. C. dinoflagellate. D. apicomplexan. 50 µm Thousands of cilia cover th surface of Paramecium Micro M Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 1. List the three traits that land plants share with charophytes. Then, list the five derived traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes (Figure 29.3) Compatible mates Two cells of compa mating strains align si side and partially fuse Label the diagram to explain plant evolution in broad terms and then answer the question (Figure 29.2). Question: What resource did plants find a way to conserve as they moved onto land? Diplo micro Page 9 of 24 Two rounds of The origina

10 3. What general characteristics could you infer about plants that lack vascular tissue? What general characteristics could you infer about plants that have a vascular system? Non-vascular: Vascular: 4. What is the alternative dispersal mechanism other than a seed? 5. As you read about plant life cycles consider these questions: Is the gametophyte dependent on the sporophyte? Is the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte? Does the organism spend a greater part of the life cycle as haploid or diploid? After you have done this, label the generic diagram to explain Alternation of Generations in plants. Page 10 of 24

11 6. Define the following terms: a. xylem b. tracheids - c. lignin - d. phloem - e. roots - f. leaves - AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 7. Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants. Which one is NOT? A. similar sperm structure B. the presence of chloroplasts C. genetic similarities in chloroplasts D. similarities in cell wall formation during cell division Chapter 30 - Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 1. Define the following terms: a. seed b. integument - c. ovule d. pollen grain e. pollination 2. What are the evolutionary advantages to seed formation? Page 11 of 24

12 3. Define the following terms: a. flower b. sepal c. petal d. stamen e. filament f. anther g. carpel h. stigma i. style j. ovary k. fruit l. embryo sac m. cross-pollination n. micropyle o. double fertilization p. cotyledon q. endosperm r. monocot - s. dicot t. eudicot Page 12 of 24

13 4. Define coevolution. How does the development of angiosperms and animals in the same time frame meet the definition of coevolution? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 5. Besides the plant tissue that humans ingest, which angiosperm tissue is most directly important for human survival? A. bark B. cones C. xylem D. phloem Chapter 31 - Fungi Concept 31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption. 1. How do fungi acquire their nutrients? How does surface area connect with this concept? 2. Define the following terms concerning the body structure of fungi: a. hyphae b. chitin c. septum d. coenocytic fungi e. mycelium f. haustoria g. mycorrhizae h. ectomycorrhizal fungi i. endomycorrhizal fungi - Page 13 of 24

14 Concept 31.2 Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles. 3. Define these terms associated with sexual reproduction in fungi: a. spore b. pheromone c. plasmogamy d. heterokaryon e. dikaryotic f. karyogamy g. mold h. deuteromycete - 4. Use different colors to complete the diagram of the generalized life cycle of a fungus (See Figure 31.5). Be sure to utilize the key in the upper left corner. Page 14 of 24

15 Concept 31.3 The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist. 5. Label the diagram concerning the phylogeny of fungi and their closest relatives (Figure 31.8). Concept 31.4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages. 6. What about chytrids is unique among fungi? 7. What are the general characteristics of zygomycetes? How is a zygosporangium unlike a typical zygote? 8. What type of endomycorrihzae do glomeromycetes have and what is special about this fact? 9. What are the general characteristics of ascomycetes? What are ascomycetes asexual spores called? Page 15 of 24

16 10. What are the general characteristics of basidiomycetes? Concept 31.5 Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare. 11. What are the three broad categories of symbiotic relationships between fungi and other organisms? List and describe them below What are three practical human uses for fungi? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 13. Karyogamy produces a A. spore. B. mycelium. C. diploid zygote. D. haploid zygote. Page 16 of 24

17 Chapter 32 An Overview of Animal Diversity Concept 32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers. 1. Define the following terms: a. tissue b. cleavage c. blastula d. gastrulation e. gastrula f. larva g. metamorphosis 2. Label the diagram below of early embryonic development (See Figure 32.2). Concept 32.2 The history of animals spans more than half a billion years. 3. What is believed to be the common ancestor of living animals? Page 17 of 24

18 4. Briefly describe two hypotheses for the cause of the Cambrian Explosion Concept 32.3 Animals can be characterized by body plans. 5. Define the following terms with regard to animal body plans. a. body plan b. radial symmetry c. bilateral symmetry d. dorsal e. ventral f. anterior g. posterior h. germ layers i. ectoderm j. endoderm k. diploblastic l. mesoderm m. triploblastic n. body cavity o. coelom p. coelomate q. pseudocoelomate r. acoelomate Page 18 of 24

19 6. Color and label the diagram below (Figure 32.9). 7. Color and label the diagram below to compare and contrast the development of protostomes and deuterostomes (Figure 32.10). 8. What is the difference between determinate cleavage, radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage? Concept 32.4 Views of animal phylogeny continue to be shaped by new molecular and morphological data. 9. What are the 5 points of agreement on animal phylogeny? Page 19 of 24

20 AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. Study the phylogeny shown in Figure Which phylum is the sister group of Bilateria in this tree? A. Porifera B. Cnidaria C. Metazoa D. Eumetazoa Chapter 33 An Introduction to Invertebrates 1. Using Figure 33.3 and the information in the text, list the distinguishing characteristics and an example of each major invertebrate phylum. a. Porifera Phylum Distinguishing Characteristics Example b. Cnidaria c. Acoela d. Placozoa e. Ctenophora 2. Lophotrochozoa f. Platyhelminthes g. Ectoprocta h. Rotifera i. Brachiopoda j. Acanthocephela k. Nemertea Page 20 of 24

21 Phylum Distinguishing Characteristics Example l. Cycliophora m. Annelida n. Mollusca 3. Ecdysozoa o. Loricifera p. Priapula q. Onychophora r. Nematoda s. Tardigrada t. Arthropoda 4. Deuterostomia u. Hemichordata v. Chordata w. Echinodermata AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 5. Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? A. Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate B. Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present C. Cnidaria-radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms D. Platyhelminthes-flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate Page 21 of 24

22 Chapter 34 The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates 1. List and briefly describe the four derived characters that all chordates have at some point during their life Describe an example of an invertebrate chordate. 3. What features characterize the subphylum Vertebrata? 4. In the evolution of vertebrates, identify the significance of having jaws. 5. Distinguish between the terms oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous. Page 22 of 24

23 6. Chordates 7. Vertebrates 8. Gnathostomes 9. Tetrapods Outline the key characteristics that distinguish the major branches of the Phylum Chordata identified in the table below. Include examples of organisms in each class. Name of Clade Characteristics Examples Cephalochordata Urochordata Myxini Petromyzontida Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Actinistia Dipnoi b c d Amphibia Reptilia Mammalia Page 23 of 24

24 AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. According to this phylogenetic tree, the animals most closely related to mammals are. A. reptiles B. amphibians C. ray-finned fishes D. sharks, rays, and chimeras Page 24 of 24