Chapter 17: Population Genetics and Speciation
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1 Chapter 17: Population Genetics and Speciation Section 1: Genetic Variation Population Genetics: Normal Distribution: a line graph showing the general trends in a set of data of which most values are near the mean I. Population Genetics Charles Darwin knew B. C. Microevolution D. Can be studied by observing changes in the numbers and types of alleles in populations, called population genetics. E. Speciation Link from microevolution to macroevolution Now can study in detail II. Phenotypic Variation Variety of phenotypes that exists for a given characteristic depend on how many genes affected B. Polygenic characters are influenced by several genes Example b. 1
2 C. Biologists study polygenic phenotypes by measuring each individual in the population and then analyzing the distribution of the measurements. Distribution is an overview of the relative frequency and range of a set of values D. A normal distribution, or bell curve III. Measuring Variation and Change B. Genetic variation and change are measured in terms of the frequency of alleles C. A frequency is the proportion or ratio of a group that is of one type To study genetic change IV. Sources of Genetic Variation B. Major source of new alleles in natural populations is mutation in germ cells C. D. 2
3 Section 2: Genetic Change Genetic Equilibrium: I. Equilibrium and Change B. Genetic change in a population can be measured C. The Hardy-Weinberg principle predicts that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will not change unless at least one of five forces acts upon the population. D. The forces that can act against genetic equilibrium E. Gene Flow Can be caused by 3
4 b. F. Nonrandom Mating G. Genetic Drift H. Mutation I. Natural Selection As individuals are eliminated, the alleles for those traits become less frequent Both allele and genotype frequencies change II. Sexual Reproduction and Evolution B. Creates the possibility that mating patterns or behaviors can influence the gene pool Example, in animals, females sometimes select mates based on the male s size, color, ability to gather food, or other characteristics Behavior is called sexual selection and is an example of nonrandom mating b. Another example inbreeding individuals either self-fertilize or mate with others like themselves 2) 4
5 3) III. Population Size and Evolution B. Allele frequencies are more likely to remain stable in large populations than in small populations C. Genetic drift is a strong force in small populations and occurs when a particular allele disappears IV. Natural Selection and Evolution Natural selection is a result of the following facts: Individuals tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. B. How Selection Acts C. Genetic Results of Selection Each allele s frequency may increase or decrease depending on the allele s effects on survival and reproduction D. Why Selection is Limited Key lesson that scientists have learned about evolution by natural selection is that the environment does the selecting Natural selection is indirect b. 5
6 The Role of Mutation Only characteristics that are expressed can be targets of natural selection b. If a mutation results in rare recessive alleles, selection cannot operate against it V. Patterns of Natural Selection Three major patterns are possible in the way that natural selection affects the distribution of polygenic characters over time These patterns are: b. c. B. Directional Selection Selection acts to eliminate an extreme from a range of phenotypes, making them less common C. Stabilizing Selection The bell-curve shape becomes narrower b. Very common in nature. D. Disruptive Selection 6
7 Section 3: Speciation Reproductive Isolation: Subspecies: a taxonomic classification below the level of species, refers to populations that differ from, but can interbreed with, other populations of the same species I. Defining Species B. Definition depends on organisms and field of science being studied C. Generally defined as D. Instead of, or in addition to, the biological species concept, species may be defined based on II. Forming New Species B. Natural selection acts upon each population and tends to result in offspring that are better adapted to each specific environment C. If the environments differ, adaptations may differ D. Speciation 7
8 Has occurred when the effects of evolution result in population with unique features and is reproductively isolated. E. Reproductive isolation Groups may be subject to different forces Populations of the same species may differ enough to be considered subspecies F. Mechanisms of Isolation Any of the following mechanisms may contribute to the reproductive isolation of populations Geography b. Ecological Niche c. Mating Behavior and Timing d. Polyploidy 2) e. Hybridization 2) 3) 8
9 G. Extinction: The End of Species Occurs when a species fails to produce any more descendants 4. If a species cannot adapt fast enough to changes, the species may be driven to extinction 9
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