Classification. W hy Clas s if y? (pag e ) A s s ig n in g S c ien tif ic N am es (pag e 4 4 8) Chapter 18. Name Class Date

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1 Chapter 18 Classification S e ction F ind ing O rd e r in D iv e rsity (p ag e s ) This section explains how living things are organized for study W hy Clas s if y? (pag e ) 1 W h y d o b io lo g ists u se a c lassific atio n sy stem to stu d y th e d iv er sity o f life? 2 T h e sc ien c e o f c lassify in g o r g an isms an d assig n in g th em u n iv er sally ac c ep ted n ames is k n o w n as 3 Is th e fo llo w in g sen ten c e tr u e o r false? In a g o o d sy stem o f c lassific atio n, o r g an isms p lac ed in to a p ar tic u lar g r o u p ar e less similar to eac h o th er th an th ey ar e to o r g an isms in o th er g r o u p s A s s ig n in g S c ien tif ic N am es (pag e 4 4 8) 4 W h y is it c o n fu sin g to r efer to o r g an isms b y c o mmo n n ames? 5 Cir c le th e letter o f eac h sen ten c e th at is tr u e ab o u t ear ly effo r ts at n amin g o r g an isms a Names w er e u su ally in E n g lish b Names o ften d esc r ib ed d etailed p h y sic al c h ar ac ter istic s o f a sp ec ies c Names c o u ld b e v er y lo n g d It w as d iffic u lt to stan d ar d iz e th e n ames 6 T h e tw o -w o r d n amin g sy stem d ev elo p ed b y L in n aeu s is c alled 7 Cir c le th e letter o f eac h sen ten c e th at is tr u e ab o u t b in o mial n o men c latu r e a T h e sy stem is n o lo n g er in u se to d ay b E ac h sp ec ies is assig n ed a tw o -p ar t sc ien tific n ame c T h e sc ien tific n ame is alw ay s w r itten in italic s d T h e sec o n d p ar t o f th e sc ien tific n ame is c ap italiz ed 8 W h at is th e g en u s o f th e g r iz z ly b ear, U rsus arctos? 15 0 G u id ed R ead in g an d S tu d y W o r k b o o k / Ch ap ter 1 8

2 Name Class L innaeu s s System o f Classificatio n Date (pages ) 9 A group or level of organization in tax onomy is called a tax onomic category, or 10 The largest tax onomic category in Linnaeus s system of classification is the, and the smallest is the 11 What two kingdoms did Linnaeus name? 12 F ill in the name of each missing tax onomic category in the chart below Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Ursidae Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Reading Skill Practice Taking notes can help you identify and remember the most important information when you read Take notes on Section 18 1 by writing the main headings and under each heading listing the most important points Include in your notes the boldfaced terms and sentences Do your work on a separate sheet of paper Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter

3 Chapter 18, Classification (continued) Section 18 2 Modern Evolutionary Classification (pages ) This section explains how evolutionary relationships are important in classification It also describ es how D N A and R N A can help scientists determine evolutionary relationships I ntroduction (page 451) 1 What traits did Linnaeus consider when classifying organisms? P roblems With T raditional Classification (page 451) 2 What problems are faced by taxonomists who rely on body structure comparisons? E v olutionary Classification (page 452) 3 Is the following sentence true or false? Darwin s theory of evolution changed the way biologists thought about classification 4 H ow do biologists now group organisms into categories? 5 Is the following sentence true or false? Genera placed within a family should be less closely related to one another than to members of any other family 6 The strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history is called Classification U sing Cladograms (page 453) 7 Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about cladistic analysis a It considers only traits that are evolutionary innovations b It considers all traits that can be measured c It considers only similarities in body structure d It is a method of evolutionary classification 8 Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members, are called 152 Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 18

4 9 A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms is called a(an) 10 Is the following sentence true or false? Derived characters are used to construct a cladogram Similarities in D NA and R NA (page 454) 11 Is the following sentence true or false? Some organisms do not have DNA or RNA 12 How do similarities in genes show that humans and yeasts share a common ancestry? M olecular Clock s (page 455) 13 A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently is known as a(an) 14 A molecular clock relies on the repeating process of 15 Why are only neutral mutations useful for molecular clocks? 16 Is the following sentence true or false? The degree of dissimilarity in DNA seq uences is an indication of how long ago two species shared a common ancestor 17 Why are there many molecular clocks in a genome instead of just one? Section 18 3 Kingdoms and Domains (pages ) This section describes the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified It also describes the three-domain system of classification The Tree of Life Evolves (pages ) 1 Is the following sentence true or false? The scientific view of life was more complex in Linnaeus s time 2 What fundamental traits did Linnaeus use to separate plants from animals? Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter

5 Chapter 18, Classification (continued) 3 What type of organisms were later placed in the kingdom P rotista? 4 M ushrooms, yeast, and molds have been placed in their own kingdom, which is called 5 Why did scientists place bacteria in their own kingdom, the M onera? 6 List the two groups into which the M onera have been separated a b 7 Complete the concept map The Six-kingdom System Animalia includes Archaebacteria The Three-Domain System (page 458) 8 A more inclusive category than any other, including the kingdom, is the 9 What type of analyses have scientists used to group modern organisms into domains? 10 List the three domains a b c 154 Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 18

6 11 Complete the chart below CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS Domain Kingdom Examples Eubacteria Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Protist Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Domain B acteria (page 459) 12 Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about members of the domain B acteria a They are multicellular b They are prokaryotes c They have rigid cell walls d The cell walls contain peptidoglycans 13 Is the following sentence true or false? All members of the domain B acteria are parasites Domain Archaea (page 459) 14 Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about members of the domain Archaea a They are unicellular c They lack cell walls b They are eukaryotes d They lack cell membranes 15 Is the following sentence true or false? Many members of the domain Archaea can survive only in the absence of oxygen Domain Eukarya (pages ) 16 Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about all the members of the domain Eukarya a They have a nucleus b They are multicellular c They are heterotrophs d They have cell walls and chloroplasts Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter

7 Chapter 18, Classification (continued) Match each kingdom with the description that applies to members of that kingdom K ingdom Description 17 Protista 18 Fungi 19 Plantae 20 Animalia a They have cell walls of chitin b They have no cell walls or chloroplasts c They include slime molds and giant kelp d They include mosses and ferns WordWise Use the clues to help you identify the vocabulary terms from C hapter 1 8 Then, put the numbered letters in the right order to spell out the answer to the riddle Clues Most inclusive taxonomic category Group of similar families Group of closely related classes Type of classification based on evolutionary history Group of closely related orders Group of closely related species Branching diagram showing evolutionary change V ocabulary Terms O ne of two domains of unicellular prokaryotes Group of genera that share many characteristics Group into which organisms are classified The other domain of unicellular prokaryotes Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei Riddle: What kind of clock does a paleontologist use? Answ er: Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 18

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