*****Scientists use the SCIENTIFIC METHOD to help them answer questions and solve problems about the natural world.*****

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "*****Scientists use the SCIENTIFIC METHOD to help them answer questions and solve problems about the natural world.*****"

Transcription

1 YouCANPassYourBiologySOL! Scientific Method *****ScientistsusetheSCIENTIFICMETHODtohelpthemanswerquestionsandsolveproblemsaboutthenaturalworld.***** Step1:MakeanOBSERVATION.Thetwo typesare: QUALITATIVE:Descriptions withoutnumber.(ex)the bookisheavy. QUANITATIVE:Descriptions thatusenumbers.(ex)the bookhas250pages. Step2:MakeaHYPOTHESIS.Thisisan educatedguessbasedon qualitativeandquantitativedata. Scientistshouldlookfor2 variablesintryingtofind answerstotheproblem. INDEPENDENTVARIABLE(IV) ThethingIchange DEPENDENTVARIABLE(DV) ThethingImeasure. HowtoIdentifyVariableson agraph: Y axisisthedv. ThethingImeasure X axisistheiv. ThethingIchange. Step3:SetupaCONTROLLED EXPERIMENT.Eachhas: 1. CONTROLGROUP:thegroup thatstaysthesame(doesn t receivetheiv).it sneededto compare. 2. EXPERIMENTALGROUP:the groupthatismanipulated(the groupyouareperformingthe experimenton).thisgroup receivestheiv. Step4:MakeaCONCLUSIONorTHEORY Ifthedatagatheredfromyour controlledexperimentsupport yourhypothesis,youaccept yourconclusion. Ifthedatadoesn tsupport yourhypothesis,startover! Water & its Properties *Watermakeslifepossible!It sauniversalsolvent,comesinthreestates,andhasahighspecificheattoregulatetemperature* ThechemicalformulaofwaterisH2O.It has2hydrogenand1oxygen. Waterhasapositiveside(hydrogen)anda negativeside(oxygen).thesecharges allowwatertosticktootherthingsthat alsohaveacharge. HYDROGENBONDSholdwatertoitself andtootherchargedsubstances. Whenwaterstickstootherthings(likea carwindow)adhesionistakingplace. WhenwaterstickstoitselfCOHESIONis takingplace Watercomesin3states:solid,liquidor gas.inthesolidstate(ice),waterisless densethantheliquidstate.icefloats! WaterhasaHIGHSPECIFICHEAT.Itcan absorbalotofenergywithoutincreasing itsowntemperature.thisiswhywater takessolongtoboil! Weusethispropertytohelpus regulateourbodytemperature. Whenourbodytemperaturegets toohigh,westarttoperspire (sweat). Wedonotwantourbodytemperature tofluctuateverymuchbecauseit wouldalterchemicalreactions (METABOLISM).When metabolismisthrownoff, HOMEOSTASIS(balance)isalso thrownoff.thiscanleadtodeath!!!! ph Scale SubstanceswithapHbelow7arecalledAcids.SubstanceswithapHabove7arecalledBases.SubstanceswithapHof7areNeutral.Wateris theonlyneutralsubstance. ThepHscaleactuallymeasurestheamountofHYDROGENIONS(H+)thatarepresentinasolution.pHcouldstandfor THEPOWEROF HYDROGEN. ThelowerthepHvalue,thegreatertheamountofhydrogenions(H+)presentinthesolution

2 Macromolecules *Alllivingthingsarecomposedof4macromolecules.Macromoleculesarelargepolymers(theprefix poly means many ) thatarecomposedoflotsofsmallerbuildingblockscalledmonomers(theprefix mono means one ).* 1. Carbohydrates:Theonly macromoleculethatisusedfor ENERGY.Carbohydrateisafancy wordforsugar.themostimportant sugarisglucose(c6h12o6).the buildingblocksofcarbohydratesare MONOSACCHARIDES. 2. Lipids:Theonlymacromoleculeused tostoreenergyandtoprovide INSULATION.Therearethreeclasses oflipids(fats,oils&waxes).the buildingblocksoflipidsarefatty ACIDS. 3. Proteins:Theonlymacromolecule thatcanspeedupchemical REACTIONSandprovide STRUCTURE&SUPPORT.The buildingblocksofproteinsareamino ACIDS. 4. NucleicAcids:Theonly macromoleculesthattransmits HEREDITYINFORMATION.There aretwotypesofnucleicacids:dna& RNA.Theirbuildingblocksare NUCLEOTIDES.. Macromolecules Enzyme EnzymesareCATALYSTS.Catalysts SPEEDthingsup! Withoutenzymes,chemicalreactions (metabolism)wouldhappentooslowlyto keepyoualive. Enzymesareshapespecific.Enzymescan onlycatalyzereactants(substrates)if theycanfitinsidetheenzyme sactive SITE. Enzymesspeedupchemicalreactionsby LOWERINGACTIVATIONENERGY. Activationenergyistheamountofenergy neededtostartachemicalreaction. ActivationEnergyworkslikeaspeed bump. Thebiggertheactivationenergy theslowerthechemicalreaction Thesmallertheactivation energythefasterthechemical reaction. *Enzymesarebiologicalcatalysts.Theyspeedupchemicalreactionsandregulatemetabolism.Enzymesareproteinsthatcan lowerachemicalreaction sactivationenergy* Enzymes.

3 Microscopy *Themicroscopeisoneofthemostimportanttoolsinbiology.Itallowedscientiststodiscoverthecellandallofitsstructures.* Theareonly2thingsthatyouneedto knowaboutmicroscopes: 1. DeterminingTotal Magnification:Multiplythe eyepiece(thatisalways10x)by theobjectivelens(thelensesthat canberotated) 10xObjectiveLens=TotalMag. 2. MakingaWet MountSlide: Alwaysplacethecoversliponat a45 Angletopreventair bubbles.... Oncethemicroscopewasinvented, ROBERTHOOKEwasabletoseeand namethetinystructuresthatmakeuplife whilestudyingcork.hewasthefirst persontousethewordcell. Microscopes&theCell WiththehelpofHookeandother scientistsworkingwiththemicroscope, thecelltheorywascreated. THECELLTHEORY: 1. Alllivingthingsarecomposedof cells. 2. Cellsarethebasicunitsof structureandfunctionoflife. 3. Cellscanonlycomefrompre existingcells... Cells: An Overview Cell Structures Alllivingthingsaremadeupofonlyoneof twotypeofcells:prokaryoticcellsor EUKARYOTICCELLS. ****Everythinglivingthingsismadeupofatleastonecell.Cellsarethelowestlevelofstructureoflivingthingsthatcanstill performalltheactivities(metabolism).**** Prokaryotesaresimple,small, andlackanucleus.theonly exampleofaprokaryoteis BACTERIA. Eukaryotesarecomplex,large, andcontainanucleusandlotsof organelles.allprotists,fungji, plantsandanimalsaremadeup ofeukaryoticcells. Cell Structures..... PlantCell CellofEukaryotes AnimalCell ****Eukaryotescontainmembrane boundorganelles.eachorganelleperformsaspecificjobinthecelltohelpmaintain metabolismandhomeostasis.**** 1. NUCLEUS:Thisisthecontrolcenter ofthecell.itcontainsthecell sdna andcontrolsthecell smetabolismand homeostasis. 2. MITOCHONDRIA:Thisisthepower plantofthecell.thecell senergy supply(atp)ismadeherevia CELLULARRESPIRATION. 3. RIBOSOMES:Thesearethesitesof proteinsynthesisforthecell. 4. GOLGIAPPARATUS:Thisisthepost officeofthecell.itpackagesand exportsmaterialsinandaroundthe cell. 5. ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM:There aretwokinds:smoothandrough. Bothhelptomovethingsaroundthe cell.theyworklikeasystemofroads inthecell. 6. LYSOSOMES:Thesearethegarbage cansofthecell.theybreakdown waste. 7. CHLOROPLAST:Thisisfoundinplantsandisthesiteof photosynthesis. 8. CELLWALL:Thisisarigidlayerfoundontheoutsideofplant cells.itgivesplantcellstheiruniquerectangularshape. 9. CELLMEMBRANE:Thissurroundsallcells.Itmaintains homeostasisbycontrollingwhatcanenterandleavethecell. It scomposedoftwolayersofphospholipids. ThePHOSPHOLIPIDBILAYERhasapolarheadandtwo non polartails.thisallowsthingsthataresmalland non polartocrossthemembranewithoutaskingfor permission. Foodandrawmaterialsfor chemicalreactionsmustbe abletocrossthemembrane. Wastemustbeabletoleave themembrane.

4 Transport ****Substancesneedtobeabletotravelintoandoutofcellacrossthecellmembrane.Thismovementcaneitherhappen spontaneously(byitself)orwiththeinputofenergy(atp)**** Therearetwotypesoftransport:PASSIVE &ACTIVE 1. PASSIVETRANSPORT:This movessubstancesacross membranesfromregionsofhigh concentrationtolow concentrationwithoutenergy. 2. ACTIVETRANSPORT:This movessubstancesacross membranesfromregionsoflow concentrationtohigh concentrationwithenergy(atp) Examples:Endocytosis& Exocytosis.. Thereare3typesofPASSIVETransport: 1. DIFFUSION:themovementofsubstancesfromaregionofhighconcentrationto lowconcentration. 2. OSMOSIS:themovementofwaterfromaregionofhighconcentrationtolow concentration. 3. FACILITATEDDIFFISION:themovementofsubstancesfromhightolowwiththe helpofatransportprotein. Metabolism ****CELLULARRESPIRATIONandPHOTOSYNTHESISareprocessesthatallowcellstouseandmakeenergytokeepthecell alive.theyhaveacyclicalrelationshipwithoneanother.theydependononeanother!**** CellularRespiration Photosynthesis CELLULARRESPIRATIONisaprocess thatturnssugar(glucosec6h12o6)into usableenergyforthecell(atp). HETEROTROPHS(organismswhocannot maketheirownfood)usethisprocessto releaseatpfromfoodinthe MITOCHONDRIA. INPUT(Reactants):Mitochondria takeinoxygenandglucose OUTPUTS(Products):Mitochondria releasecarbondioxideandatp!!!! PHOTOSYNTHESISisaprocessthatturns lightenergyfromthesunintofood (glucose)forplants.plantsandorganisms thatmaketheirownfoodarecalled AUTOTROPHS.Autotrophsperform photosynthesisintheirchloroplasts. INPUT(Reactants):Chloroplasts takeincarbondioxideandsunlight. OUTPUTS(Products):Chloroplasts releaseoxygenandglucose. CO2 O2 Glucose Chloroplast Mitochondria DNA ****DNAisadouble helixcomposedof2complementarystrands.ithas4nucleotidescomposedofeithera,t,c,org:apairs witht,gpairswithc.thisstructuremakesdnareplicationandproteinsynthesispossible.!****.. WhenDNAneedstodivide,DNAREPLICATIONbegins.Theweakhydrogenbonds thatareholdingthetwostrandsofdnatogetherbreakapartandthedna unzips. ThetwooriginalstrandsofDNAthenbecometemplatesfornewdaughterstrandsof DNAthatwillform.

5 ChromosomeStructure: DNA (continued) ****TheprocessofturningDNAintoproteinsfollowsaspecificorder.Itstartsinthenucleusandendsattheribosome.**** Frst,DNAisturnedintoMESSENGERRNA (mrna).rnaistheskinnycousinofdna whichmeansitcanleavethenucleus.rna issingle stranded.itonestrandlooks almostidenticaltodnawiththeexception ofthenitrogenbaseuracil.uraciltakes theplaceofthymine.,soupairswitha. MakingRNAfromDNAiscalled TRANSCRIPTION. Next,themessagetransferredfromDNAto mrnamakesitwaytotheribosome(the siteofproteinsynthesis). MakingproteinsfrommRNAis calledtranslation. Cell Division ****DNAisthecell sgeneticmaterial.itmustbecopiedbeforethecellcandivide.tohelpwiththis,thednaispackaging intostructurescalledchromosomes.humanshave46chromosomesthatmustbecopiedexactlybeforethecellcandivide. TheprocessofcelldivisioniscalledMITOSIS.Mitosishas4steps:PROPHASE,METAPHASE,ANAPHASE&TELOPHASE.**** Genetics ****GENETICSisthestudyofheredity.AGENEisabasicunitofheredity.AnALLELEisoneoftwoormorealternativeforms ofaspecificgene.twoallelesmakeupagene.gregormendelcrossedpeastodevelopthegenetictheorywestilluse.**** Therearetwotypesofalleles: DOMINANTALLELES:Theexpressed trait.representedbyacapitalletter. RECESSIVEALLELES:Theunexpressed trait.representedbyalowercaseletter. Thetwoletters(representingtwoalleles) representanorganism sgenotype. Therearetwotypesofgenotypes: HOMOZYGOUS:twoidenticalalleles (TT)or(tt) HETEROZYGOUS:twodifferent alleles(tt) Theexpressionofthegenotype(physical appearanceofthegene)isthe PHENOTYPE. Wecanusetheparentgenotypesto predictwhatoffspringmightlooklike. Monohybridcrossescanbecompletedby usingapunnetsquare Exampleofamonohybridcross:Consideracrossbetweenatruebreedingtallplant (TT)andatruebreedingshortplant(tt).

6 Classification.. ****All of life can be classified in one of 6 kingdoms. Each kingdom can be broken down into even smaller units for classification. The modern day classification system is based on a two word naming system called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE. This naming system involves an organism s GENUS and SPECIES.**** The 6 kingdoms of the life are: 1. Archaebacteria: Prokaryotic organisms that are only found in extreme environments. 2. Eubacteria: Single celled, prokaryotic organisms that can cause sickness (Example: streptococcus & salmonella) 3. Protist: Single celled, eukaryotic organisms that can be either heterotrophic (protozoa) or autotrophic (algae). 4. Fungi: Multicellular eukaryotic organisms with cell walls composed of chitin. These organisms are external digesters (heterotrophic). 5. Plant: Multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs with cell walls composed of cellulose. 6. Animal: Multicellular eukaryic heterotrophs that do not have cell walls. SPECIATION is the process by which new species arise. There are two mechanisms that can lead to new species: o Reproductive Isolation: Isolation WITHOUT the presence of a physical barrier. (Example: One group of individuals only mates in the fall, and another only reproduces in the spring.) A SPECIES is a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The horse and zebra are both members of their own species. How do we know? When we force them to mate, their off spring (a zebroid) is not fertile. Evidence for Evolution ****Scientists have 3 areas of focus that provide evidence for evolution.**** 2. Anatomy 3. Biochemistry Scientists can use layers of undisturbed rock to determine the relative age of fossilized organisms. The OLDEST fossils will always be at the bottom of the column and the YOUNGEST at the top. This technique is called the PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES: Structures that look SIMILAR to one another. These demonstrate descent from a COMMON ANCESTOR (Divergent Evolution). 1. Fossils. Evolution o Geographic Isolation: the physical separation of species populations by geographic barriers (Example: oceans and mountains) ****EVOLUTION is the process by which species change over time. It s brought on by the process of NATURAL SELECTION. Natural selection allows for individuals with certain traits to successfully survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.**** ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES: Different structures that perform similar functions. The environment forces unrelated individuals to develop structures to perform similar function. NO COMMON ANCESTOR! (Convergent Evolution) Remember: Organisms that have more DNA in common are closely related! This means that organisms that have more proteins in common are also closely related. Look at the amino acid chain of unknown animal: Met Gly Ser Tyr Tyr Arg His His Glu Lys It most closely resembles? Horse: Met Gly Ser Ser Tyr Arg Arg Asp His Glu Dog: Met Gly Ser Tyr Tyr Arg His Asp Glu Lys Cat: Met Gly Ser Tyr Tyr Arg His His Arg Cys Mouse: Met Gly Ser Tyr Tyr Arg His Glu Val Val Our unknown animal is most closely related to the dog! There s only 1 difference in the protein sequence. Met Gly Ser Tyr Tyr Arg His Asp Glu Lys

Name: Class: Date: ID: A

Name: Class: Date: ID: A Class: _ Date: _ Ch 17 Practice test 1. A segment of DNA that stores genetic information is called a(n) a. amino acid. b. gene. c. protein. d. intron. 2. In which of the following processes does change

More information

Any evidence of an organism that lived long ago. Sedimentary. Relative Dating. Absolute Dating

Any evidence of an organism that lived long ago. Sedimentary. Relative Dating. Absolute Dating A fossil is: Any evidence of an organism that lived long ago Sedimentary Rock Almost all fossils are found in How do scientists determine the age of fossils? Relative Dating Absolute Dating The deeper

More information

CLASSIFICATION NOTES

CLASSIFICATION NOTES CLASSIFICATION NOTES Classification Classification = arrangement of living things into groups according to their observed similarities. Important because it allows us to be able to study life easier Living

More information

Biology Test Review: Classification/Taxonomy

Biology Test Review: Classification/Taxonomy Name: Period: Biology Test Review: Classification/Taxonomy MAKE SURE YOUR BOOKLET IS COMPLETELY FINISHED! If you are missing information, it can be found on your teacher s webpage. I. Definitions Try to

More information

Classification Systems. - Taxonomy

Classification Systems. - Taxonomy Classification Systems - Taxonomy Why Classify? 2.5 million kinds of organisms Not complete- 20 million organisms estimated Must divide into manageable groups To work with the diversity of life we need

More information

Speciation and Classification

Speciation and Classification Speciation and Classification Species- a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring Forming a new species Each population of a single species lives in a different place.

More information

Unit 9: Taxonomy (Classification) Notes

Unit 9: Taxonomy (Classification) Notes Name Exam Date Class Unit 9: Taxonomy (Classification) Notes What is Classification? is when we place organisms into based on their. Classification is also known as. Taxonomists are scientists that & organisms

More information

Study of Biology. copyright cmassengale

Study of Biology. copyright cmassengale Study of Biology 1 What is Biology? Biology is the study of all living things Living things are called organisms Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals 2 All Living Things Share

More information

Kingdoms in Eukarya: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia Each Eukarya kingdom has distinguishing characteristics:

Kingdoms in Eukarya: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia Each Eukarya kingdom has distinguishing characteristics: NAME pg. 1 Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens Mnemonic: DUMB KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP Domain

More information

6 Kingdoms of Life. What is life? How are all living things organized?

6 Kingdoms of Life. What is life? How are all living things organized? 6 Kingdoms of Life What is life? How are all living things organized? Engage List reasons to support why this man is living. List reasons to support why this car is not living. Characteristics of Life

More information

Building the Tree of Life

Building the Tree of Life 18.3 Building the Tree of Life Changing Ideas About Kingdoms This diagram shows some of the ways in which organisms have been classified into kingdoms since the 1700s. Three Domains Genetic analysis has

More information

Taxonomy. The science of naming organisms.

Taxonomy. The science of naming organisms. Taxonomy The science of naming organisms. Why Classify? Aristotle Did It Plant or animal? If an animal, does it Fly Swim Crawl Simple classifications Used common names Carolus Linnaeus did it better

More information

Biology EOCT Review. Milton High School

Biology EOCT Review. Milton High School Biology EOCT Review Milton High School Cell Organelles Nucleus holds DNA Cell membrane what comes in and goes out Mitochondria powerhouse of the cell Ribosomes protein synthesis Lysosomes digestion Cell

More information

All Living Things Share Common Characteristics 1. Living Things are Composed of Cells: Single-cell organisms have everything they need to be self-sufficient. In multicellular organisms, some cells do only

More information

Multiple Choice Write the letter on the line provided that best answers the question or completes the statement.

Multiple Choice Write the letter on the line provided that best answers the question or completes the statement. Chapter 18 Classification Chapter Test A Multiple Choice Write the letter on the line provided that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1. Scientists assign each kind of organism a universally

More information

Chapter 1. How Do Biologists Study Life?

Chapter 1. How Do Biologists Study Life? Chapter 1 How Do Biologists Study Life? Biology is the study of life Biologists ask questions about all aspects of living organisms Bios logos means a discourse on life in Greek Biology has many sub-disciplines

More information

Vocabulary: Fill in the definition for each word. Use your book and/or class notes. You can put the words in your own words. Animalia: Archaea:

Vocabulary: Fill in the definition for each word. Use your book and/or class notes. You can put the words in your own words. Animalia: Archaea: Name: _ Due Date: _ Per: _ Unit 4.2 Study Guide Directions: Complete all sections to the best of your ability. On the day of the Quiz (the due date for this assignment) turn this in with all of your Unit

More information

Chapter 17B. Table of Contents. Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains. Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity

Chapter 17B. Table of Contents. Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains. Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life Table of Contents Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Section 3 Complex Multicellularity The Six Kingdoms of Life Living organisms are divided into six kingdoms and

More information

Biology Unit 1 Warm Ups. Mrs. Hilliard

Biology Unit 1 Warm Ups. Mrs. Hilliard Biology Unit 1 Warm Ups Mrs. Hilliard Communication in Science Choose one of the three topics to write a detailed procedure for. 1. How to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. 2. How to brush your

More information

Grade 7 Science Learning Standards

Grade 7 Science Learning Standards Grrade 7 Sciience Currrriicullum Overrviiew Middle School Science Hands-on, Minds-On, Science is the primary focus of the middle school science program, and includes content from Earth and Space Science,

More information

9/19/2012. Chapter 17 Organizing Life s Diversity. Early Systems of Classification

9/19/2012. Chapter 17 Organizing Life s Diversity. Early Systems of Classification Section 1: The History of Classification Section 2: Modern Classification Section 3: Domains and Kingdoms Click on a lesson name to select. Early Systems of Classification Biologists use a system of classification

More information

Classification of Living Things Test Review

Classification of Living Things Test Review Classification of Living Things Test Review #1 What is taxonomy? a. the scientific study of how living things are classified b. the name of Aristotle s classification system c. the process used by geologists

More information

The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains.

The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains. Section 3: The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What are the major characteristics

More information

Plants. SC.912.L.14.7 Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes.

Plants. SC.912.L.14.7 Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes. Plants SC.912.L.14.7 Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes. 1. Students will explain how the structures of plant tissues and organs are directly

More information

Question Answer Marks Guidance 1 (a) (i)

Question Answer Marks Guidance 1 (a) (i) Question Answer Marks Guidance 1 (a) (i) 2 Discontinuous Continuous Species identified by letter S and T ; R ; (ii) statement 1 statement 8 in S and T only ; in S and T only ; 6 Species Statement number(s)

More information

Biology Science Crosswalk

Biology Science Crosswalk SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including

More information

SECTION 17-1 REVIEW BIODIVERSITY. VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms.

SECTION 17-1 REVIEW BIODIVERSITY. VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms. SECTION 17-1 REVIEW BIODIVERSITY VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms. 1. taxonomy, taxon 2. kingdom, species 3. phylum, division 4. species name, species

More information

Classification Notes

Classification Notes Name Living Environment Classification Notes Characteristics of Living Things All living things have a cellular organization, contain similar chemicals, use energy, grow and develop, respond to their surroundings,

More information

Classification. copyright cmassengale

Classification. copyright cmassengale Classification 1 Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified 2 What is

More information

Building the Tree of Life

Building the Tree of Life Building the Tree of Life THINK ABOUT IT The process of identifying and naming all known organisms, living and extinct, is a huge first step toward the goal of systematics. Yet naming organisms is only

More information

BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET Chapters 10-15, 17-30

BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET Chapters 10-15, 17-30 Name Hour Due Date: BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET Chapters 10-15, 17-30 The exam was prepared by the Biology teachers in the science departments of CVHS and DHS. 1. What is a Punnett Square? 2. Cross

More information

Classification and Viruses Practice Test

Classification and Viruses Practice Test Classification and Viruses Practice Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part

More information

Sorting It All Out CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS

Sorting It All Out CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS Sorting It All Out CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS 1 WHAT DO I NEED TO LEARN FROM THIS UNIT? Classify organisms into the currently recognized kingdoms according to characteristics that they share. Be familiar

More information

FCAT Review. Evolution & Ecosystems

FCAT Review. Evolution & Ecosystems FCAT Review Evolution & Ecosystems Classifying Organisms Why would we classify organisms? To make them easier to study The science of studying how organisms are classified is called taxonomy Organisms

More information

Biodiversity. The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life

Biodiversity. The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life Biodiversity The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life How the 6 kingdoms came about At first, only two kingdoms were recognized Then Haeckel proposed a third kingdom Protista (where protists had both plant

More information

Ch. 16 Evolution of Populations

Ch. 16 Evolution of Populations Ch. 16 Evolution of Populations Gene pool the combined genetic information of all the members of a population. There are typically 2 or more alleles for a certain trait. (dominant or recessive) Allele

More information

Station A: #3. If two organisms belong to the same order, they must also belong to the same

Station A: #3. If two organisms belong to the same order, they must also belong to the same Station A: #1. Write your mnemonic for remembering the order of the taxa (from the broadest, most generic taxon to the most specific). Out to the side of each, write the name of each taxon the mnemonic

More information

Characteristics of Living Things Card Sort

Characteristics of Living Things Card Sort Characteristics of Living Things Card Sort All of these terms are characteristics of organisms that allow scientists to classify (organize) them into groups. Chapter 9 in your text covers the characteristics

More information

Classification. One Big Mess!

Classification. One Big Mess! Classification One Big Mess! Three domains, 5 (or 6) Kingdoms Let s make a big chart. Cell type? Chromosomes? Ribosomes? Cell wall or not? Made of what? Unicellular or multicellular? Autotroph or heterotroph?

More information

HBio Origin of Life and Classification Practice test

HBio Origin of Life and Classification Practice test HBio Origin of Life and Classification Practice test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. One reason common names are not useful to biologists

More information

Section 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity

Section 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Name Class Date Section 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity (pages 447-450) Key Concepts How are living things organized for study? What is binomial nomenclature? What is Linnaeus s system of classification?

More information

Taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms. It has two main purposes: to identify organisms to represent relationships among organisms

Taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms. It has two main purposes: to identify organisms to represent relationships among organisms Taxonomy Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms. It has two main purposes: to identify organisms to represent relationships among organisms Binomial Nomenclature Our present biological

More information

Chapter 4 Warm Ups MRS. HILLIARD

Chapter 4 Warm Ups MRS. HILLIARD Chapter 4 Warm Ups MRS. HILLIARD Work on all missing assignments and Test Remediation Topics Chapter 4 Vocabulary 1. Ecosystem- a community of organisms and their abiotic environment. 2. Biotic factor-

More information

What makes things alive? CRITERIA FOR LIFE

What makes things alive? CRITERIA FOR LIFE What makes things alive? CRITERIA FOR LIFE Learning Goals I can determine if something is alive based on the criteria for life. I can describe the history of life on Earth. I can describe how organisms

More information

Chapter 17. Organizing Life's Diversity

Chapter 17. Organizing Life's Diversity Chapter 17 Organizing Life's Diversity Key Concepts: Chapter 17 1. List the 3 domains and the 6 kingdoms. 2. Our current system of classification was originally based on structures; scientists now base

More information

Science Online Instructional Materials Correlation to the 2010 Biology Standards of Learning and Curriculum Framework

Science Online Instructional Materials Correlation to the 2010 Biology Standards of Learning and Curriculum Framework and Curriculum Framework Provider York County School Divison Course Title Biology Last Updated 2010-11 Course Syllabus URL http://yorkcountyschools.org/virtuallearning/coursecatalog.aspx BIO.1 The student

More information

Fig. 26.7a. Biodiversity. 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading. 2. Course Syllabus. Fig. 26.7b Table

Fig. 26.7a. Biodiversity. 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading. 2. Course Syllabus. Fig. 26.7b Table Fig. 26.7a Biodiversity 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading 2. Course Syllabus Fig. 26.7b Table 26.2-1 1 Table 26.2-2 Outline: Systematics and the Phylogenetic Revolution I. Naming and

More information

Zoology. Classification

Zoology. Classification Zoology Zoology involves studying all aspects of organisms belonging to the animal kingdom taxonomy, animal physiology, comparative anatomy, and ecology. Our study of Zoology will be focused on the different

More information

Bell Work. identify the phylum that each character belongs to. Tuesday, February 19, 13

Bell Work. identify the phylum that each character belongs to. Tuesday, February 19, 13 Bell Work identify the phylum that each character belongs to Bell Work identify the phylum that each character belongs to Porifera Bell Work identify the phylum that each character belongs to Porifera

More information

Background: Why Is Taxonomy Important?

Background: Why Is Taxonomy Important? Background: Why Is Taxonomy Important? Taxonomy is the system of classifying, or organizing, living organisms into a system based on their similarities and differences. Imagine you are a scientist who

More information

Classification Practice Test

Classification Practice Test Classification Practice Test Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. An organism may have different

More information

Grade 7 Science Curriculum Maps

Grade 7 Science Curriculum Maps Grade 7 Science Curriculum Maps Unit 1: Cells The Basic Unit of Life Unit 2: The Cell in Action Unit 3: Genes and DNA Unit 4: Heredity Unit 5: Evolution Unit 6: It s Alive! Or is it?! Unit 7: Bacteria

More information

Biology Curriculum Pacing Guide MONTGOMERY COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Biology Curriculum Pacing Guide MONTGOMERY COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS MONTGOMERY COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS Biology Curriculum Pacing Guide 1 st 9 Weeks SOL Objectives Vocabulary 7 Days 14 Days BIO.1 The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific reasoning, logic,

More information

Classification Systems. Classification is just a fancy word for organization. So this chapter is equivalent to Biology cleaning its room!

Classification Systems. Classification is just a fancy word for organization. So this chapter is equivalent to Biology cleaning its room! Classification Systems Classification is just a fancy word for organization. So this chapter is equivalent to Biology cleaning its room! A Vast Science Biology, the study of life, is no simple science.

More information

Organizing Life s Diversity Section 17.1 Classification

Organizing Life s Diversity Section 17.1 Classification Organizing Life s Diversity Section 17.1 Classification Scan Section 1 of your book. Write three questions that come to mind from reading the headings and the illustration captions. 1. 2. 3. Review species

More information

Science Textbook and Instructional Materials Correlation to the 2010 Biology Standards of Learning and Curriculum Framework. Publisher Information

Science Textbook and Instructional Materials Correlation to the 2010 Biology Standards of Learning and Curriculum Framework. Publisher Information Publisher Information Copyright date 2013 Contact Carol Kornfeind Phone# 847-486-2065 E-mail carol.kornfeind@pearson.com Biology 1 of 12 Virginia Department of Education Text Miller Levine Biology, Virginia

More information

e e = expected individuals with observed genotype Unit 1- Intro to AP and Taxonomy

e e = expected individuals with observed genotype Unit 1- Intro to AP and Taxonomy Unit 1- Intro to AP and Taxonomy 1. The Galapagos Islands were extremely important to Darwin and the Theory of Evolution. Darwin discovered many organisms and scientific ideas that were instrumental to

More information

Classification Highlight Packet

Classification Highlight Packet Name: Period: Date: 1. Which kingdom is NOT prokaryotic? A. Eubacteria B. Archaeabacteria C. Protists 2. Which kingdom contains "extremophiles"? A. eubacteria B. archaebacteria C. fungi 3. Which example

More information

Biodiversity. The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life

Biodiversity. The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life Biodiversity The Road to the Six Kingdoms of Life How the 6 kingdoms came about At first, only two kingdoms were recognized Then Haeckel proposed a third kingdom Protista (where protists had both plant

More information

Unit 8 Classification

Unit 8 Classification Unit 8 Classification Chapter 18: Classification www.pearsonrealize.com 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity (510) 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification (516) 18.3 Building the Tree of Life (523) Name: Teacher:

More information

Organizing Life on Earth

Organizing Life on Earth Organizing Life on Earth Inquire: Organizing Life on Earth Overview Scientists continually obtain new information that helps to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Each group of organisms

More information

1B Review Questions (54)

1B Review Questions (54) 1) Taxing is the science of a) Finding animals b) Involving naming and categorizing species 1B Review Questions (54) c) Microorganisms d) Discovery on protists 2) What is the order of classification from

More information

7 th Grade Life Science Teaching & Learning Framework

7 th Grade Life Science Teaching & Learning Framework 7 th Grade Science 7 th Grade Life Science Teaching & Learning Framework Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Unit 1 9 weeks Structure and Function of Cells S7L2. Obtain, evaluate, and describe how

More information

Evolution Unit: What is Evolution?

Evolution Unit: What is Evolution? Evolution Unit: What is Evolution? What is The Theory of Evolution? Evolution is, a change (in the genetic composition) of a population over time. on a larger scale, the entire biological history, from

More information

Unit 2 Biodiversity Ch. 4 Patterns of Life

Unit 2 Biodiversity Ch. 4 Patterns of Life Unit 2 Biodiversity Ch. 4 Patterns of Life Name: 4.1 Characteristics of Life In order to be considered living, an organism must possess the following Six (6) characteristics: 1. Living things are organized

More information

Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiotic Theory Evolution of Prokaryotes The oldest known fossils are 3.5 bya = stromatolites which are rock like layers of bacteria and sediment. Earliest life forms may have emerged as early as

More information

Classification Cladistics & The Three Domains of Life. Biology Mrs. Flannery

Classification Cladistics & The Three Domains of Life. Biology Mrs. Flannery Classification Cladistics & The Three Domains of Life Biology Mrs. Flannery Finding Order in Diversity Earth is over 4.5 billion years old. Life on Earth appeared approximately 3.5 billion years ago and

More information

CH_15_Evolution.notebook. February 28, Cellular Evolution. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. Endosymbiont Theory. Charles Darwin

CH_15_Evolution.notebook. February 28, Cellular Evolution. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. Endosymbiont Theory. Charles Darwin Cellular Evolution The first cells were prokaryotic They did not need oxygen (the atmosphere did not contain oxygen until 1.8 billion years ago) Eukaryotic cells were found in the fossil record about 2

More information

Welcome to biology. Evolution, Homeostasis and Reproduction (the first lecture)

Welcome to biology. Evolution, Homeostasis and Reproduction (the first lecture) Welcome to biology Evolution, Homeostasis and Reproduction (the first lecture) What is unique to life? Cell membrane contains protoplasm inside, is alive outside is dead (1) Complex - Cells have very complex

More information

All cells have a CELL MEMBRANE. What is a cell membrane? Functions of cell membrane: 1)

All cells have a CELL MEMBRANE. What is a cell membrane? Functions of cell membrane: 1) Name: Pd: ORGANISMS & ENVIRONMENTS STUDY GUIDE KE EY 9 Weeks Test Date: Parent Signature (BONUS!): 6.12A+B CELLS (cells, cells they re made of organelles!) All living things have CELLS ELLS. Cell - The

More information

Biology Test 2 The Cell. For questions 1 15, choose ONLY ONE correct answer and fill in that choice on your Scantron form.

Biology Test 2 The Cell. For questions 1 15, choose ONLY ONE correct answer and fill in that choice on your Scantron form. Name Block Date Biology Test 2 The Cell For questions 1 15, choose ONLY ONE correct answer and fill in that choice on your Scantron form. 1. Which pair of structures best shows that plant cells have functions

More information

2017 DECEMBER BIOLOGY SEMESTER EXAM DISTRICT REVIEW

2017 DECEMBER BIOLOGY SEMESTER EXAM DISTRICT REVIEW Name: Period: 2017 DECEMBER BIOLOGY SEMESTER EXAM DISTRICT REVIEW 1. List the characteristics of living things. (p 7) 2. Use the Aquatic Food Web above to answer the following questions (Ch. 2) a. Which

More information

Which row in the chart correctly identifies the functions of structures A, B, and C? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Which row in the chart correctly identifies the functions of structures A, B, and C? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 1. What is a similarity between all bacteria and plants? A) They both have a nucleus B) They are both composed of cells C) They both have chloroplasts D) They both lack a cell wall 2. Which statement is

More information

Chapter 2 Evolution and the Diversity of Life

Chapter 2 Evolution and the Diversity of Life Chapter 2 Evolution and the Diversity of Life MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. As a transitional form, Archaeopteryx is important because it provides insight into a. the evolution of birds into reptiles. b. the relationship

More information

When I vomit it Makes me want To throw up That s so Escher!? Famous. I Love Words That Rhyme With Bipalicontorsinectomy

When I vomit it Makes me want To throw up That s so Escher!? Famous. I Love Words That Rhyme With Bipalicontorsinectomy When I vomit it Makes me want To throw up That s so Escher!? I Love Words That Rhyme With Bipalicontorsinectomy High Fructose Pancreas Destroyer YUM? Famous Weasel Oligarchies. Well perhaps famous Is a

More information

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS 1. Taxonomy The branch of biology that deals with the classification of living organisms About 1.8 million species of plants and animals have been identified. Some scientists

More information

There are 5 kingdoms: Animalia multicellular animals, heterotrophic (eat other things), evolved 700,000,000 years ago (1,000,000 2,000,000 species)

There are 5 kingdoms: Animalia multicellular animals, heterotrophic (eat other things), evolved 700,000,000 years ago (1,000,000 2,000,000 species) Classification The modern system of naming gives each living thing 7 names. Each name is a little more specific than the one before it. The categories are (in order from least to most specific): Kingdom

More information

Biology Unit 02 Biodiversity Section 01 Test Taxonomy/Classification

Biology Unit 02 Biodiversity Section 01 Test Taxonomy/Classification Biology 2201(A) Unit 02 Biodiversity Page 1 of 12 Biology 2201 Unit 02 Biodiversity Section 01 Test Taxonomy/Classification Instructions for Students: 1. This test is composed of two parts. Part 1 consists

More information

Biology Fall Semester Exam Review. Unit 1: Scientific method, characteristics of life What are the characteristics of life (pg. 6)

Biology Fall Semester Exam Review. Unit 1: Scientific method, characteristics of life What are the characteristics of life (pg. 6) Biology Fall Semester Exam Review Unit 1: Scientific method, characteristics of life What are the characteristics of life (pg. 6) Define the following terms: biology observation hypothesis dependent variable

More information

2 Domains and Kingdoms

2 Domains and Kingdoms CHAPTER 11 2 s and Kingdoms SECTION Classification 7.1.a, 7.3.d California Science Standards BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: Which domains are

More information

Finding Order in Diversity

Finding Order in Diversity Finding Order in Diversity Videos Scishow Taxonomy: https://youtu.be/f38bmgpcz_i Bozeman Taxonomy: https://youtu.be/tyl_8gv7rie Terms to Know 1. Radiometric Dating 12. Miller and Urey s 2. Geologic Time

More information

BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW

BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW The Science of Life Biology is the science of LIFE. Life: Organisms are made from and develop from cells! Unicellular Multicellular Cells of multicellular organisms undergo

More information

Reproduction- passing genetic information to the next generation

Reproduction- passing genetic information to the next generation 166 166 Essential Question: How has biological evolution led to the diversity of life? B-5 Natural Selection Traits that make an organism more or less likely to survive in an environment and reproduce

More information

13.1 Biological Classification - Kingdoms and Domains Modern species are divided into three large groups, or domains. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

13.1 Biological Classification - Kingdoms and Domains Modern species are divided into three large groups, or domains. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Chapter 13 Prospecting for Biological Gold Biodiversity and Classification 13.1 Biological Classification- How Many Species Exist? Biodiversity is the variety within and among living species Number of

More information

What is a cell? (*Know the parts of the microscope!)

What is a cell? (*Know the parts of the microscope!) Cells What is a cell? All living things have cells whether it is one or many! Therefore, a cell is the basic unit of all life. The invention of the microscope was pivotal to the study of cell biology.

More information

Biology Classification Unit 11. CLASSIFICATION: process of dividing organisms into groups with similar characteristics

Biology Classification Unit 11. CLASSIFICATION: process of dividing organisms into groups with similar characteristics Biology Classification Unit 11 11:1 Classification and Taxonomy CLASSIFICATION: process of dividing organisms into groups with similar characteristics TAXONOMY: the science of classifying living things

More information

THIS IS A 50 POINT TEST GRADE AND IS DUE THE DAY WE GET BACK FROM BREAK! Unit 1- Intro to AP and Taxonomy

THIS IS A 50 POINT TEST GRADE AND IS DUE THE DAY WE GET BACK FROM BREAK! Unit 1- Intro to AP and Taxonomy THIS IS A 50 POINT TEST GRADE AND IS DUE THE DAY WE GET BACK FROM BREAK! Unit 1- Intro to AP and Taxonomy 1. The Galapagos Islands were extremely important to Darwin and the Theory of Evolution. Darwin

More information

Organizing Life s Diversity

Organizing Life s Diversity 17 Organizing Life s Diversity section 3 Domains and Kingdoms The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains. What You ll Learn major characteristics of the

More information

BIO 2 GO! 3216a The Cell Organelles and Nucleus Function

BIO 2 GO! 3216a The Cell Organelles and Nucleus Function BIO 2 GO! 3216a The Cell Organelles and Nucleus Function The cell is the smallest unit of life. Each living cell has a nucleus which functions to control the actions of the rest of the cell. Upon successful

More information

Describe the structure and composition of the cell membrane. (make a sketch) What does the Theory of Endosymbiosis state?

Describe the structure and composition of the cell membrane. (make a sketch) What does the Theory of Endosymbiosis state? Station 1. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell

More information

Characteristics of Life

Characteristics of Life Characteristics of Life All living things share some basic characteristics: 1. Organization 2. Movement 3. Made up of cells 4. Reproduce 5. Grow and / or develop 6. Obtain and use energy 7. Respond to

More information

02/02/ Living things are organized. Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures. Learning Outcome B1

02/02/ Living things are organized. Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures. Learning Outcome B1 Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures Learning Outcome B1 Describe the following cell structures and their functions: Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Golgi

More information

1. Evolution and Classification

1. Evolution and Classification 1. Evolution and Classification 1.1 Origin of Life and Plants 1.2 Animal Evolution 1.3 Human Evolution 1.4 Mechanisms of Evolution 1.5 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 1.6 Mechanisms of Speciation 1.7 Classification

More information

Unit 14.1: Introduction to Protists

Unit 14.1: Introduction to Protists Unit 14.1: Introduction to Protists This organism consists of a single cell with several flagella. Is it a prokaryote, such as a bacterium? Actually, it s larger than a prokaryotic cell, and it also has

More information

Evolution. Species Changing over time

Evolution. Species Changing over time Evolution Species Changing over time Charles Darwin Evolution by Means of Natural Selection Reasons for Change Mutation A mutation could cause parents with genes for bright green coloration to have offspring

More information

Vocabulary Classification the process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities Taxonomy the science of naming and classifying

Vocabulary Classification the process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities Taxonomy the science of naming and classifying Classification.. Vocabulary Classification the process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities Taxonomy the science of naming and classifying organisms trait a characteristic or behavior

More information

Station 1. Explain how scientists use each item below to determine the evolutionary relationships among organisms. 1. Structural similarities:

Station 1. Explain how scientists use each item below to determine the evolutionary relationships among organisms. 1. Structural similarities: Station 1 Explain how scientists use each item below to determine the evolutionary relationships among organisms. 1. Structural similarities: 2. Breeding behavior: 3. Geographical distribution: 4. Chromosome

More information

What is Life? Characteristics of Living Things. Needs of Living Things. Experiments of Redi & Pasteur. Bacteria to Plants - Ch 1 Living Things

What is Life? Characteristics of Living Things. Needs of Living Things. Experiments of Redi & Pasteur. Bacteria to Plants - Ch 1 Living Things What is Life? Bacteria to Plants - Ch 1 Living Things aka: organisms What are the six characteristics of living things? - briefly describe each What are the major chemicals found in cells? Do organisms

More information

Outline. Classification of Living Things

Outline. Classification of Living Things Outline Classification of Living Things Chapter 20 Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Taxonomy Binomial System Species Identification Classification Categories Phylogenetic Trees Tracing Phylogeny Cladistic Systematics

More information

Learning Outcome B1 13/10/2012. Student Achievement Indicators. Taxonomy: Scientific Classification. Student Achievement Indicators

Learning Outcome B1 13/10/2012. Student Achievement Indicators. Taxonomy: Scientific Classification. Student Achievement Indicators Classification of Living Organisms Learning Outcome B1 Learning Outcome B1 Apply the Kingdom System of classification to study the diversity of organisms. Student Achievement Indicators Students who have

More information