What is the central dogma of biology?
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1 Bellringer What is the central dogma of biology? A. RNA DNA Protein B. DNA Protein Gene C. DNA Gene RNA D. DNA RNA Protein
2 Review of DNA processes Replication (7.1) Transcription(7.2) Translation(7.3)
3 Understandings: Initiation of translation involves assembly of the components that carry out the process Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle of events Disassembly of the components follows termination of translation Free ribosomes synthesise proteins for use primarily within the cell Bound ribosomes synthesise proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane The sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide is the primary structure The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilised by hydrogen bonding The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilised by interactions between R groups The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain Applications: trna-activating enzymes illustrate enzyme-substrate specificity and the role of phosphorylation Skills: Identification of polysomes in electron micrographs of prokaryotes and eukaryotes The use of molecular visualisation software to analyse the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes and a
4 SL 2.7 Review Translation is the process of turning mrna into the amino acid sequence of a protein. The ribosome is the organelle responsible for reading RNA, three nucleotides at a time and synthesizing protein
5 SL Review 2.7 Codons = three nucleotides code for one amino acid of a polypeptide chain Start codon = AUG (first aa is always methionine) Stop codons = TAA, TAG, TGA
6 7.3S1 Analyze the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes and trna Ribosome contains Two subunits- large and small Each subunit contains RNA and protein Small unit binds to mrna Large unit binds to trna in 3 binding sites, E for exit, P for peptidyl site and A for aminoacyl.
7 7.3S1 (continued) Ribosome sites have specific functions 1. A site- trna carries amino acids and binds 2. P site- trna holds the peptide chain 3. E site- trna exits ribosome
8 Draw and label a ribosome in your notes
9
10 7.3U1 Initiation of translation involves assembly of the components that carry out the process Step 1: Initiation (A site) Step 2: Elongation (P site) Step 3: Termination (E site)
11 Step 1: Initiation 1. mrna binds to the small subunit of the ribosome. 2. The small subunit moves along the mrna 5' - 3' until it reaches a start codon (AUG) -Occurs at A site
12 3. Complementary trna to the start codon (UAC) binds to the P site of the ribosome 4. The large subunit of the ribosome binds to the trna and small subunit
13 7.3U2 Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle of events Step 2. Elongation 1. A second trna (with amino acid attached) complementary to the second codon on the mrna binds to the A site 2. The amino acid carried by the trna in the P site is transferred to the amino acid in the A site
14 Elongation (continued) 3. Ribosome catalyzes a new peptide bond between the amino acids. 4. The growing polypeptide increases in length.
15 Elongation continued 5. The ribosome moves one codon along the mrna (in a 5 3 direction): The trna in the P site is moved to the E site and then released The trna in the A site is moved into P site
16 Elongation continued 6. Another trna binds, complementary to the next codon on the mrna, binds to the A site. 7. Steps 2, 3, and 4 are repeated until a stop codon is reached.
17 Bellringer What is the purpose of initiation and elongation in translation in gene expression?
18 Review Translation purpose: changing RNA into protein Steps: Initiation, Elongation, Termination
19 7.3U3 Disassembly of the components follows termination of translation Step 3: Termination 1. When a stop codon is reached translation is stopped: a. a release factor attaches to the A site b. the polypeptide chain is released c. the ribosome complex dissembles ready for reuse translating another mrna molecule
20 Structure and Function of Protein Proteins have a variety of functions in the body - Blood clotting Insulin Antibodies Digestion
21 7.3U7 : The sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide is the primary structure - Linear sequence of amino acids - Example: Transthyretin transports Vitamin A
22 7.3U8 The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilised by hydrogen bonding - Coils and folds from Hydrogen bonds between polypeptides helix pleated sheet
23 7.3U9 the tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilised by interactions between R groups - R groups from nucleotide bases - Disulfide bridges complete the folding with covalent bonds
24 7.3U10 The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain - Ex: collagen, hemoglobin
25 Protein variety comes from combinations of primary, secondary, tertiarty and quatenary structures
26 7.3.S1 Identification of polysomes in electron micrographs of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A polysome is a structure that consists of multiple ribosomes attached to a single mrna Multiple ribosomes translating mrna simultaneously enables the cell to quickly create many copies of the required polypeptide. Electron micrograph showing a polysome Diagram of a generalised polysome
27 Bellringer What is the central dogma of biology? A. Replication Transcription DNA B. Transcription Translation Protein C. DNA Translation Protein D. Translation Transcription Protein
28 Protein Fibrous = helix or sheets Globular= 3D, tertiary structure
29 7.3U6 Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane Ribosomes are next to chromosomes in prokaryotes whereas in eukaryotes the mrna needs to be relocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (through the nuclear membrane)
30 7.3.S2 The use of molecular visualization software to analyse the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes and a trna molecule. b.org/motm/15
31 7.3.A1 trna-activating enzymes illustrate enzyme substrate specificity and the role of phosphorylation. The energy in the bond linking the trna molecule to the amino acid will be used in translation to form a peptide bond between adjacent
32
33 7.3U4: Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell - Ribosomes floating in cytoplasm - Proteins for internal use stay in cytoplasm
34 7.3U5 Bound ribosomes synthesise proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes - Ribosomes on endoplasmic reticulum are sent out of cell because ER is part of packaging in the exit system
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MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VARNA
Section A. Multiple choice questions 1. Which of the following is not a polymer? a. glucose b. starch 2. Polypeptides are assembled from: a. hexoses b. glycerol c. cellulose d. DNA c. nucleotides d. amino