NGSS Biology Fall Semester Final Review Guided Questions

Transcription

1 NGSS Biology Fall Semester Final Review Guided Questions Unit 1 Scientific Method 1. Identify the following situations as examples of accuracy, precision, or both a. A basketball player shoots 100 shots that all hit the far-right side of the backboard. b. A basketball player shoots 100 shots, they either hit the rim or go in the basket. c. A basketball player shoots 100 shots, he shoots them the same way and they all go in the basket. d. A true value of a measurement is mL. Here are two sets of related data that were collected. i , , ii , , Below is what type of model? What inference might one make based upon this graph? 3. Describe an example of a physical model that you made this semester. 4. Make a conceptual model of a negative feedback system that describes how water balance of the body is maintained by the kidney. Include the following: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, low water concentration in blood, high water concentration in blood, target organ, kidney, travel through bloodstream, antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Unit 1 SGp 13, 15 may help. 5. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? 1

2 6. Using the experimental data shown to the right, answer the following questions. a. What hypotheses are being tested in the experiment? Group H 2 O type Sun Exposure/Day Amount Growth 1 Fresh 10 hours 10cm 2 Fresh none 6cm 3 Salt 10 hours 3cm b. What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? c. List the controlled variables d. List the manipulated variables. e. In a controlled experiment, how many variables should be changed? f. Could the experiment above be considered a controlled experiment why or why not? g. Describe some unavoidable sources of error for this experiment. h. How could one help eliminate the effect of these unavoidable errors? i. What type of data is presented in this experiment? j. What would be valid conclusions one could make for the experiment. 7. Define the following words: metabolism, homeostasis, Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) Unit 2 Chemistry of Life 1. Draw figure 2-1 in the box, include the labels of the parts of the atom. a. Define the following: proton, neutron, electron Atomic Structure 2-1 b. What determines how atoms of one element will interact with atoms of other elements? c. Label the following as ionic or covalent bonds and explain why they demonstrate that bond type. because. because. 2

3 2. Draw figure 2-7 in the box. a. How does the polar structure of water relate to its adhesive and cohesive properties? Water 2-7 b. How is capillary action related to the above properties? c. What is transpiration & what s its purpose? (include the specialized plant tubes name) d. Describe the role stomata play in regulating transpiration. e. Identify what moves in and out through the open stomata by drawing it on the picture to the right. f. Label which situation would find the cells of the stomata were placed in a hypertonic solution and which were placed in a hypotonic solution. How do you know? 3. Label the following on the ph scale below: strong acid, strong base, weak acid, weak base, neutral, OH - > H +, OH - < H +, H + =OH - 4. Complete the chart below. Macromolecules (Polymers) Are made of the following monomers or subunits Are used for. Structure Carbohydrates Lipids glycerol head and fatty acid tail Proteins Nucleic Acids 3

4 5. Monomers of macromolecules are linked together by reactions known as reactions. When the macromolecules are broken down, often to be used to provide energy to make ATP during the process of C R. That reaction is known as a reaction. If the body is building or breaking down proteins the bonds being formed or broken during these reactions are known as bonds. 6. On the figure below to the right, label the enzyme, substrate, active site and enzyme substrate complex. a. A special class of proteins known as enzymes are referred to as biological because they the activation energy of a reaction, allowing the reaction to occur than it would naturally. b. Although the enzyme is involved in the reaction, is it used up or changed? c. Describe what is meant by the Lock and Key Model of enzymes. d. Describe how the following might influence enzyme activity: substrate type - ph heat - e. Digestion is a compartmentalized systematic process of breaking down macromolecules for use & storage in the body. Complete the table below to track this process Digestive structure Main Food Digested chemically Enzymes Used ph of the area Mouth Basic Stomach Protein Small Intestine Amylase Peptidase Lipase f. Describe how the structure of the villi in the stomach is suited to the function of maximizing absorption of nutrients. 4

5 Unit 3: Cell Structure & Function 1. Put the following terms in order from least inclusive to most. body system, cells, DNA, tissue, atoms, organs, nucleus, nucleotide, chromosome 2. List the three components of the cell theory. a. All b. All c. All 3. Using the following terms complete the Venn Diagrams below. (the star in the second represents the first Venn diagram) nucleus, no nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall, circular DNA, linear DNA, organelles, ribosomes, chloroplasts, cell membrane, Prokaryote Eukaryote Plant Animal Prokaryote 5

6 4. Know figure 7-6 identify the following organelles/cell parts and their functions. Complete the table for each. a. Put a star in the organelle box for each one involved in protein production b. Put a check for those involved in sugar breakdown c. Put a plus sign for those involved in sugar production Organelle/Cell Part Function Structure (what s it look like) Nucleus In Plant, Animal or Both? Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Chloroplast Cell Wall 5. Describe the function of the cell membrane. How does the polar structure of the phospholipids of the membrane influence the semi-permeability nature of the membrane? 6. Define diffusion. Label the diagrams using hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. The dots represent solutes. Add on arrows to indicate the direction of net movement of the solutes in each case. 7. Define osmosis. Shown to the right is figure 7-15 using your knowledge of osmosis explain what is happening in the figure. Dots represent solutes. 6

7 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Focus 1. Label the equations as either Photosynthesis or Cellular Respiration. CO 2 + H 2 O+ light C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP 2. What is chlorophyll, where is it found & why is it important in photosynthesis? 3. The purpose of photosynthesis is to store in the chemical bonds of the molecules of that are made. 4. If the molecular weight of Carbon is 6g, Hydrogen is 1g and Oxygen is 16g, which reactant of photosynthesis (CO 2 or H 2 O) contributes most to the structural cellulose mass of a plant? Explain. 5. The purpose of cellular respiration is to the energy stored in the chemical bonds of (created in photosynthesis) in a step wise process. That energy is used to help generate, which is a usable form of energy for the cell to do work. Unit 4: Cell Specialization - Human Systems Structure & Function Focus 1. Identify the following human systems components as cells, tissue or organs. Component Cell Tissue Organ Describe a structural hierarchy of the digestive system (use pics or words) Nephron Kidney Neuron Brain Tricep Muscle Heart Osteocyte Describe a structural hierarchy of the skeletal system (use pics or words) Femur bone Alveoli Artery Capillary 7

8 2. Use the following table to summarize the different types of muscle cells. Muscle Cell Description of Structure Contribution to Tissue/Organ Function Control (voluntary/involuntary) Location in Body Skeletal Smooth Cardiac 3. Identify the main structures on the second neurons. Indicate the direction of information flow between the two with an arrow. 4. Highlight the correct words or statements to complete the paragraph describing how neurons communicate. At rest, a neuron has a net (negative or positive) charge inside the cell and a net (negative or positive) charge outside the cell. An impulse begins when a stimulus arrives at the (dendrite or axon terminal). As the impulse travels along the axon, positive ions flow into the cell in order to change the electrical charge in the cell. As the impulse passes, potassium ions flow out of the cell in order to return the axon to its resting potential. When the impulse arrives at the (dendrite or axon terminal), it must be converted from an (electrical or chemical) signal into a (electrical or chemical) signal. This is 8

9 accomplished by the release of from the (presynaptic or postsynaptic) neuron into the synaptic cleft to stimulate the adjoining neuron. 5. Create a flow diagram of a reflex arc. Choose a stimulus and response other than stepping on a tack. Include all 3 types of neurons, a response and include where the information would be processed. Explain how the flow diagram above would be different if you were creating a flow chart that describes the response due to the stimulus of being asked this question. 6. Starting with the vena cava, trace the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart, arteries, capillaries & veins as blood is delivered to the body and lungs. Circle areas with oxygen-rich blood and put a square around the areas with oxygen-poor blood. 7. Fill out the following table summarizing different blood vessels structure & function relationships Artery Vein Capillary Function Function Function Structural Characteristics that help do this Structural Characteristics that help do this Structural Characteristics that help do this What conclusions might be drawn from this information regarding velocity, surface area and blood vessels? 9

10 8. Fill out the following table summarizing different types of blood cells structure/function relationships Type of Cell Also Known As. Unique Structural Component(s) Function(s) Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Macrophage B-Cell T-Cell Platelets 9. Highlight the correct words or fill in the blank to complete the paragraph. During inhalation, the diaphragm (contracts or relaxes), the volume of the chest cavity (increases or decreases) and air pressure inside the lungs (increases or decreases) causing air to rush into the lungs. This actual intake of air is known as. As blood enters the capillaries surrounding the alveoli n the lungs, it has a high concentration of (carbon dioxide or oxygen) and a low concentration of (carbon dioxide or oxygen), causing carbon dioxide to diffuse (into or out of) the blood and oxygen to diffuse (into or out of) the blood. The exchange of gases at the cellular level is an example of. The red blood cells carry the (carbon dioxide or oxygen) to the cells of the body for the mitochondria to use in. As you exhale, the diaphragm (contracts or relaxes), the volume of the chest cavity (increases or decreases) and air pressure inside the lungs (increases or decreases) forcing air out of the lungs. 10

11 10. Use the following table to summarize the body s immune response. Component Physical Cell/Tissue/Organ Structures Function Antigen Bacteria, Virus, Protist Triggers an immune response First Line of Defense Inflammatory Response Humoral Immunity Summary Diagram Cell-mediated Immunity Summary Diagram Unit 5: Cellular Reproduction Mitosis & Cancer 1. Describe three limiting factors to cell size As a cell grows, what happens to its surface area? To its volume? Which increases faster why? (see figure 10-2 for help) 3. List the stages of the cell cycle and provide a short description of major events of each. Stage Interphase G1 Description Cell Division Mitosis 11

12 4. Create a picture flowchart of the 4 phases of mitosis. Provide descriptions of what is happening in each below the picture. 5. Compare a parent cell of mitosis to the daughter cells produced chromosome number? genetic information? # cells produced? 6. What is cancer? How is mitosis related to this disease? Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction 1. Compare mitosis to meiosis QUESTION MITOSIS MEIOSIS What lines up at Metaphase I? Does homologous pairing and crossing over occur? If so, when? Is there a second division? How many daughter cells? Diploid or haploid? Are all daughter cells the same? 2. Define the term gamete. 3. What is Mendel s Law of Segregation? How does this relate to the number of alleles an individual has and passes on through the process of meiosis? 4. Describe the relationships of the following word groups: DNA, genes, chromosomes 12

13 centromeres, sister chromatids, homologous chromosomes 5. Describe two ways that genetic variation is introduced in meiosis 6. Draw the parent cell to this daughter cell of meiosis if mom is solid and dad is colorless. 7. Human reproduction and development is possible due to the processes of meiosis & mitosis. Identify in the diagram to the right where in the female reproductive tract: a. meiosis would occur for human reproduction by coloring it red. b. Color where fertilization occurs green. c. Color where mitosis occurs for development in blue. Unit 6: DNA & RNA in Cell Division &Protein Synthesis 1. Nucleic acids are composed of monomers known as. These monomers include 3 basic parts a group, a sugar (either in DNA or in RNA) and one of five bases -,,, &. 2. Complete the table below related to the various nucleic acids. DNA Messenger RNA (mrna) Ribosomal RNA (rrna) Transfer RNA (trna) Draw a sample of the structure Where can it be found in the cell? Function DNA replication For mitosis & meiosis Transcription Translation Nitrogenous bases Present During which phase of the Cell Cycle does this occur? X x Base Pairing Rules Adenine (A) always pairs with Guanine (G) always pairs with 13

14 Every 3 bases make up a triplet Doesn t apply 3. List the steps to DNA Replication in a flow chart style. 4. A. Draw a diagram to represent the process of transcription that would precede translation shown below. B. Label each letter of the translation diagram using the following terms: polypepdite/protein, amino acid, trna, anticodon, codon, ribosome. Number the steps of translation below in order 1-5. Transcription Translation a. A chain of amino acids has been formed and the stop codon is reached b. Amino acids join by peptide bonds at the ribosome c. trna matches its anticodon to the mrna codon and transfers the amino acid d. trna picks up the appropriate amino acid based on the mrna codon & taxis it to the ribosome e. mrna arrives at the ribosome with the assembly instructions to make a protein 5. Describe the 3 types of point mutations and their potential effects on the polypeptide being made. Point Mutation Type Description/Example of Mutation Potential Effect on Protein to be made Substitution Insertion Deletion 6. Which point mutations are considered frameshift mutations? Shade in the point mutation type box blue for those that are. What does it mean by being a frameshift mutation? Use the words triplet & codon in the explanation. 14

15 7. What can cause mutations (AKA mutagens)? 15