1 Errors in mitosis and meiosis can result in chromosomal abnormalities.

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1 Slide 1 / 21 1 Errors in mitosis and meiosis can result in chromosomal abnormalities. a. Identify and describe a common chromosomal mutation.

2 Slide 2 / 21 Errors in mitosis and meiosis can result in chromosomal abnormalities. b. In what organism does it occur?

3 Slide 3 / 21 Errors in mitosis and meiosis can result in chromosomal abnormalities. c. Is it harmful or beneficial to the organism?

4 Slide 4 / 21 2 Mendel was a monk who lived in a monastery and experimented with pea plants. a. Provide three reasons why Mendel s pea plants were model organisms.

5 Slide 5 / 21 Mendel was a monk who lived in a monastery and experimented with pea plants. b. Identify three traits of the pea plants that Mendel studied.

6 Slide 6 / 21 Mendel was a monk who lived in a monastery and experimented with pea plants. c. Through the use of monohybrid crosses, Mendel developed four hypotheses: alternative forms of genes are called alleles, all organisms have two alleles, and there are dominant and recessive alleles, and the Law of Segregation. Define the Law of Segregation and explain how a Punnett Square can be used to depict this law.

7 Slide 7 / 21 3 Pedigrees are useful for tracing the patterns of inheritance within a family. Use the pedigree below to answer the following questions. Assume the trait being examined is albinism, which is a recessive disorder. a. Identify the phenotypes and genders of the parents in the first generation.

8 Slide 8 / 21 Pedigrees are useful for tracing the patterns of inheritance within a family. Use the pedigree below to answer the following questions. Assume the trait being examined is albinism, which is a recessive disorder. b. How many of the offspring in generation II are albino? In generation III?

9 Slide 9 / 21 Pedigrees are useful for tracing the patterns of inheritance within a family. Use the pedigree below to answer the following questions. Assume the trait being examined is albinism, which is a recessive disorder. c. If individual 4 from generation III reproduces with a homozygous normal individual, what is the probability their offspring will be albino?

10 Slide 10 / 21 4 Charles Darwin proposed that evolution by natural selection was the basis for the differences that he saw in similar organisms as he traveled and collected specimens in South America and on the Galapagos Islands. a. Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as presented by Darwin.

11 Slide 11 / 21 Charles Darwin proposed that evolution by natural selection was the basis for the differences that he saw in similar organisms as he traveled and collected specimens in South America and on the Galapagos Islands. b. Explain the following aspects of evolution by natural selection: i. Natural selection and the formation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

12 Slide 12 / 21 Charles Darwin proposed that evolution by natural selection was the basis for the differences that he saw in similar organisms as he traveled and collected specimens in South America and on the Galapagos Islands. b. Explain the following aspects of evolution by natural selection: ii. Natural selection and the heterozygote advantage.

13 Slide 13 / 21 5 Four of Darwin s contributions to the field of evolutionary biology are listed below: Comparative anatomy Comparative embryology Fossils Biogeography a. For each of the four contributions listed above, discuss one example of supporting evidence.

14 Slide 14 / 21 Four of Darwin s contributions to the field of evolutionary biology are listed below: Comparative anatomy Comparative embryology Fossils Biogeography b. Darwin s ideas have been enhanced and modified as new knowledge and technologies have become available. Discuss how the following have added to Darwin s original contributions.

15 Slide 15 / 21 6 Evolution is one of the unifying themes of biology. Evolution involves change in the frequency of alleles in a population. For a particular genetic locus in a population, the frequency of the recessive allele (a) is 0.4 and the frequency of the dominant allele (A) is 0.6. a. What is the frequency of each genotype (AA, Aa, aa) in this population? What is the frequency of the dominant phenotype?

16 Slide 16 / 21 Evolution is one of the unifying themes of biology. Evolution involves change in the frequency of alleles in a population. For a particular genetic locus in a population, the frequency of the recessive allele (a) is 0.4 and the frequency of the dominant allele (A) is 0.6. b. How can the H-W principle of genetic equilibrium be used to determine whether this population is evolving?

17 Slide 17 / 21 7 In order for a new species to form, members of a population must become genetically separated from one another until genes can no longer flow between them. a. Identify and explain two methods by which reproductive isolation can occur.

18 Slide 18 / 21 In order for a new species to form, members of a population must become genetically separated from one another until genes can no longer flow between them. b. Explain how natural selection is related to speciation.

19 Slide 19 / 21 In order for a new species to form, members of a population must become genetically separated from one another until genes can no longer flow between them. c. List in order from less specific to most specific the levels of classification of an organism.

20 Slide 20 / 21 8 Bacteria play central biological roles including producers, parasites, mutualistic symbionts, and decomposers. a. Select three of the ecological roles above. For each one, describe how bacteria carry out the role and discuss its ecological importance.

21 Slide 21 / 21 Bacteria play central biological roles including producers, parasites, mutualistic symbionts, and decomposers. b. Explain how bacteria can be altered to make genetically engineered products.

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