Which have been around longer?

Transcription

1 Name: Period: Station 1. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. What is Homeostasis? Give an example. Organelle Function and which kingdom/s the organelle is in Golgi Body Ribosome Nucleus Describe the structure and composition of the cell membrane. (make a sketch) Lysosome Cell Membrane Mitochondria Vacuoles ER (smooth and rough) How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis? Why is the cell membrane called selectively permeable? How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells (List 3 ways)? Which have been around longer? What are the 2 prokaryotic kingdoms? What are the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms? Organelles found in certain eukaryotic cells Cell Wall Chloroplasts What does the Theory of Endosymbiosis state? Function and which kingdom/s the organelle is found in Discuss three differences between plant cells and animal cells. Vacuoles What are the cell walls of plants made of?

2 Station 2. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts. What is a chemical reaction? What are reactants? What are products in a chemical reaction? What do enzymes do? How do enzymes affect activation energy? Look at the graph. Make a sketch that explains what is meant by the sayings that enzymes are specific and fit like a lock and key. Label your sketch with the following words: active site, substrate/reactants, enzyme, products. Label the 2 boxes on the graph: with out enzyme or with enzyme. What group of macromolecules do enzymes belong to? What will happen to the rate of reaction if you. Heat up the enzyme? Cool down the enzyme? Change the ph? If you add more enzymes (increases the concentration) to a solution of substrate, what will happen to the reaction rate? Cells are constantly building up and breaking down molecules. Each step is helped along by!!! Characteristics of Enzymes 1. A is a substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction without itself being changed. Most catalysts for biochemical reactions are. 2. An enzyme makes chemical reactions within cells, or speeds them up, without itself being changed. 3. Without enzymes, many of the reactions would occur too slowly for the organism to survive. 4. Enzymes are permanently altered or up in reactions. 5. The same enzyme works for the and directions of a reaction. 6. The reactants that are affected by enzymes in enzyme-catalyzed reactions are knows as. 7. Each enzyme is highly about its substrate. 8. Enzymes are to proper cell function. Word bank: chemical, reverse, catalyst, critical, selective, possible, enzymes, forward, not, used, substrates

3 Station 3. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids). d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). What is diffusion? What is osmosis? A difference in concentration on opposite sides of a cell membrane makes osmosis possible. This difference is known as the concentration gradient. What is endocytosis? Make a sketch. Describe each type of solution. What happens to a cell in each type of solution? Make a sketch of each. Passive Transport Active Transport Put the following in the Venn diagram: - Requires energy -From High to low concentration -From Low to high concentration -Does not require energy -Allows molecules to pass through the cell membrane -Osmosis -Diffusion -Uses protein channels What is exocytosis? Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic Macromolecules Elements/Ratio Major functions Monomer Examples Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

4 Energy From Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all serve as energy sources for cells. Carbohydrates and proteins yield only 4 calories of usable energy per gram. Lipids are more complex than carbohydrates and provide more energy, 9 calories per gram. Carbohydrates are a cell s best source for quick energy. Proteins are broken down much more slowly than carbohydrates. Organisms often convert carbohydrates and proteins that are not needed for energy into lipids. Cells store energy into lipids. Station 4. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information. DNA RNA # of strands Monomers Major function Involved in what processes? 4 Bases and the base pairing rules Location in cell Name of Sugar What it stands for What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? Which part has the code for a protein? The genetic information that determines traits is contained in nucleic acids which are macromolecules. The 2 types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. Make a sketch of DNA Protein Synthesis Transcription Translation What is the term used to describe the shape of DNA? What 2 parts form the backbone / sides of the ladder of DNA? _ What s the bond called between the nitrogen bases? What happens during DNA replication? What are the base pairing rules during DNA replication? Each new molecule is identical to the original molecule of DNA. What is a chromosome? Traits are determined by small parts of chromosomes. The section of a chromosome that codes for a specific trait is called a gene. An organism s traits depend on the kind and number of proteins in that organism. Remember proteins are macromolecule made up of amino acids. The main function of genes is to control the production of proteins. What organelle assembles proteins? Where is this organelle found within a cell? What is protein synthesis? What happens during this stage? Where does this stage take place?

5 The instructions in DNA are in a code that depends on the arrangement of nucleotide. The nucleotides are arranged in triplets called. A codon is a group of 3 bases that codes for a specific amino acid. The code for making a protein is passed from the DNA to an molecule during. The RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes where it will be translated is called. Translation converts the information in the mrna into a sequence of amino acids that make up a. In order to translate the code, mrna codons must join with the correct anticodon on the trna. An is a set of 3 nitrogenous bases on a trna molecule that is complementary to the codon on an mrna molecule. Be able to use the codon wheel and chart. (Chapter 8.4 in your book) Word Bank: codon, transcription, bases, RNA, messenger, protein, anticodon Translation What are the 3 types of RNA and what do they do? Use the following DNA strand to do the following: AGT AGC TAG Replicate the DNA: Transcibe the DNA into mrna: Translate the mrna into amino acids (remember to use the anticodon):

6 Station 6. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations. The process of meiosis provides the opportunity for the shuffling of chromosomes. How is meiosis and sexual reproduction helpful for the survival of a species? # of parents Are the offspring different or the same as the parents? Which kingdoms use this method to reproduce? Advantages Disadvantages Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Define the following words: 1. Heterozygous: 2. Homozygous: 3. Genotype: 4. Phenotype: 5. Dominant allele: 6. Recessive allele: What is crossing over? How does this relate to the question to the left? What are the sources of genetic variation in organisms? In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b). If one parent rabbit is heterozygous and the other parent rabbit is homozygous white, what is the probability of producing an offspring with white fur? (Use a Punnett square to determine your answer.) What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? What is the genotypic ration of the offspring? Know these Who was Gregor Mendel? What did he study?

7 Station 7. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. d.describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including - Alterations during replication Insertions Deletions -Substitutions Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA. High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) and Chemical f. Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture Define the following: Law of dominance: Law of segregation: Law of independent assortment: What is a mutagen? List three. What is codominance? Give an example. What is incomplete dominance? Give an example. What is a mutation? Are all mutations bad? Explain. Explain the following types of gene mutations: Explain how a point substitution is different from a frame-shift mutation. What is a somatic mutation? What is germ mutation? Frame Shift Mutations: -Deletion Mutation: - Insertion Mutation: Point Substitution: -Base-pair substitution: _ What kind of mutation can be passed on? How is it passed on? What is genetic engineering? What is recombinant DNA? How is recombinant DNA used in genetic engineering? What is a plasmid? What is a transgenic organism? How can (do) mutations help populations survive and adapt (evolve)?

8 Medicine How is genetic engineering used in the following? Agriculture Breeding What are the risks of genetic engineering? What is DNA Fingerprinting? What can DNA Fingerprinting be used for in forensics (a branch of law enforcement that uses scientific investigation and evidence to solve crimes? Discuss at least 2 ways. How can DNA be used to determine how closely related various organisms are? How can DNA be used to prove paternity (who the father is)? How is DNA separated in gel electrophoresis? Review Questions 1. A type of mutation that alters DNA by 2. Which of the following DNA technologies is MOST likely replacing one nucleotide with another is to be used in forensics? a. Crossing-Over d. Substitution a. Genetic Engineering b. Insertion b. Development of frost-resistant plants c. Deletion c. DNA fingerprinting How do police know that suspect 2 is guilty?

9 Station 8 Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. Chapter 4 a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. What is photosynthesis and what organelle does it occur in? What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis? What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? What is another word for producer? _ What is the equation for Photosynthesis? What happens during the light-dependent reactions? What happens during the light-independent reactions also known as the Calvin cycle? Sketch a chloroplast. What is the equation for cellular respiration? What is stored in the bonds of glucose? What are the reactants in photosynthesis? What are the products of photosynthesis? What are the reactants in cellular respiration? What are the products of cellular respiration? Anaerobic respiration begins with glycolysis. If no oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by fermentation. What is anaerobic respiration? What is lactic acid fermentation? What is alcohol fermentation? How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? What is cellular respiration? Why do organisms do cellular respiration? What types of organisms perform cellular respiration? What organelle performs cellular respiration? What happens during glycolysis? What happens during the Krebs cycle? What is the electron transport chain? Sketch a mitochondrion.

10 Above are the steps of. Which process makes more ATP molecules and thus provides more energy? Cellular respiration or fermentation What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic? Energy is release when is converted into. Chemical energy is stored in the bonds that hold carbohydrates and other organic compounds together. Cells release this energy through respiration. Organisms then use this energy to carry out a variety of activities. When energy is needed in the cell, chemical energy is converted from storage molecules, such as sugar, into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP then delivers the energy to the places in the cell that need it. ATP is a nucleic acid with 3 phosphate groups in a chain. The phosphate tail of the ATP molecule holds the usable energy. To release the stored energy, the bonds between the phosphates in ATP must be broken. When a phosphate is removed, a molecule with 2 phosphates is left called adenosine diphosphate, or ADP. ADP can be recombined with a free phosphate to form a new molecule of ATP. Combining ADP with free phosphates is called phosphorylation. ATP is like a rechargeable battery. A rechargeable battery may start out filled with chemical energy. As the battery is used, it gives up the energy. The depleted battery is then recharged so it can be used again. ATP is like the recharged battery and ADP is the lower-energy form like the used up battery. is stored in the bonds of ATP. **Fill in the boxes in the picture above with: ATP, ADP Word Bank: ATP, Energy, ADP

11 Station 9 Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. Chapter 17-20, 23 b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. Archaebacteria (aka the extreme bacteria) Eubacteria (aka true bacteria) Protista (aka the Hodgepodege/mixed group) Fungi Plantae Animalia Domain Prokaryotic or eukaryotic Uni or multicellular Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Cell wall? If so, what is the cell wall made of? Where do they live? Why are they the mixed group? Other distinguishing characteristics What is taxonomy? How did Carolus Linnaeus classify organisms? Dumb (Most broad taxon) What are the 3? King What are the 6? Philip Came Over For Good Soup (Most specific) Used in the scientific name. Used in the scientific name.

12 Linnaeus created the system for naming organisms that is still used today. This system is called binomial nomenclature, because it gives each organism a two-part name. What is the first part of the scientific/binomial name? _ What is the second part of the scientific/binomial name? Which word is capitalized? Both words italicized in writing. What language is used for the scientific/binomial name? What are the advantages of using scientific names over common names? Which of the following is written correctly? Quercus rubra Quercus rubra quercus rubra Quercus Rubra How are organisms classified? What is phylogeny? What do scientists now look at in DNA to figure out how closely related different organisms are? A cladogram is a tree-like diagram that shows evolutionary relationships. Each branch shows where a new group of organisms, called a clade, emerged from an existing group. The cladograms below shows the emergence of the 6 kingdoms. Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdom due to differences in their RNA and the presence of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Scientists think Protista was the first kingdom of eukaryotic organisms. A cladogram is like a timeline that shows when traits or organisms first appeared on the evolutionary time line. Warm-Up Review: 1. A cladogram shows: A. Which kingdom is the most diverse B. How to name a species C. Change over time D. Evolutionary relationships 2.From earliest to most recent, which is the correct order of evolution? A. Protista, Animalia, Archaebacteria B. Animalia, Archaebacteria, Protista C. Archaebacteria, Protista, Animalia D. Animalia, Protista, Archaebacteria What organisms do not have lungs? How do you know?

13 Station 10. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems Chapter d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms. Explain how a virus replicates using the lytic cycle & the lysogenic cycle. What is the basic structure of a virus? Make and label a sketch. LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE Why are viruses considered nonliving particles? Give four reasons Why is HIV called a retrovirus? What is a prion? In which cycle can the virus remain dormant until triggered? What is a bacteriophage? Why are viruses hard to cure? Do antibiotics help cure a virus? If you take antibiotics for a virus, what are you helping to cause? A virus that causes little or no harm to the host is said to be benign. An example of a benign virus is the common cold. 1.Why are viruses not considered living things? 2.What determines the shape of a virus? A.They are not made of cells. A. its DNA B. They do not contain hereditary material. B. its RNA C. They cannot make their own nutrients. C. the presence of an envelope D. They can only be seen with an electron microscope. D. the proteins in itscapsid

14 Station 11.Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. Chapters a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes. b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow. Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid. Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P). What is ecology? What does an organism s habitat include? Describe an organism s niche (role/job). Define the 5 levels of organization in the biosphere: 1.Organism: 2. Population: 3. Community: 4. Ecosystem: 5. Biome: What is a biotic factor? Give 2 examples. What is an abiotic factor? Give 2 examples. Label the following as biotic or abiotic. Water Tree Soil/Dirt Moss Sunlight Air Temperature Bird Precipitation Nutrients The stability of an ecosystem relies on many different interactions within and among the populations that live there. One type of interaction between species is symbiosis. What is symbiosis? What are the 3 types of symbiosis? Describe each of the following and give an example. Mutualism: Commensalism: Parasitism: What is predation? Predators play a key role in ecosystems by controlling the sizes of prey populations. What will happen to prey if the number of predators decrease? Describe how it could be bad. What will happen to prey if the number of predators increase?

15 Describe competition among the same population and different populations. Why must organisms compete? _ All organisms need materials and energy to stay alive. These materials and energy are transferred between and among the organisms in an ecosystem. Materials are recycled, but a continuous energy supply is needed. The sun is the main source of this energy. Define the following and give an example. 1. Producers/ Autotrophs: 2. Consumers/ Heterotrophs: A. Primary consumers/ Herbivores (what do they eat?): B. Secondary consumers: C. Tertiary consumers: D. Decomposers (what are the 3 main ones, remember FBI): E. Omnivores: F. Carnivores: What is a food chain? What is food web? _ Is the picture to the right a food chain or a food web? How do you know? Label the producer, the primary consumer, the apex predator, the tertiary consumer, and secondary consumer. What do the arrows in the food chain represent? Each feeding level in an ecosystem is a trophic level. Producers make up the first trophic level. Only 10% of the energy from any trophic level is passed to the next level. Much of the lost energy is released into the environment as heat. Simply put plants give you more energy than meat. If there are 10,000 calories at one level, how many calories will be transferred to the next level up? What is biomass? Which trophic level contains the most biomass?

16 The elements carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), and Phosphorus (P) are essential to living things and their activities. These elements continuously cycle between organisms and the environment in patterns called biogeochemical cycles. Discuss the following and define/discuss the terms in the parenthesis. 1.The Water Cycle (evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation): 2. The Carbon Cycle (Carbon dioxide, fossil fuels, green house gas): _ 3. The Nitrogen Cycle (atmospheric nitrogen, bacteria, nitrogen fixation, nitrification): _ 4. The Phosphorus Cycle (rocks, volcanic activity, plants): _ Station 12. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. Chapter 16 c. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. Chapter 14.5 d. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and power consumption. Describe primary succession: What causes primary succession? What are pioneer species? List two. Sketch primary succession. Succession is the natural replacement, over time, of one community of organisms by another. Each community, or stage of succession, changes the ecosystem and creates conditions that favor a new group of organisms. Describe what a climax community is. Describe secondary succession: What causes secondary succession?

17 What are renewable resources (give 2 examples)? What are nonrenewable resources (give 3 examples)? Discuss air pollution (make sure to mention particulates, smog, acid rain). Discuss the greenhouse effect (what does it do, how are humans increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere). What is global warming/climate change? What are the dangers of global warming? What is deforestation and what are the negative effects? What is biodiversity? How are humans impacting biodiversity? What are sustainable practices? How can humans help protect the environment and save resources for future generations? How does overpopulation affect the environment? (Exceeding carrying capacity!) What is Biological Magnification/biomagnification? What organisms are most affected by biomagnification? What causes Acid Rain? What are the negative effects? What is the ozone? What is its function? What is causing ozone depletion? What is carrying capacity? Label carrying capacity-

18 Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. Chapter 22.5 e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. Define the following terms. 1. Adaptation: 2. Tropism: What it causes plants to do? Geotropism/ Gravitropism Phototropism Thigmotropism Why is it helpful? What is a structural adaptation? What are some examples in plants? _ Broad Leaves How does it help the plant? Think Function.. Stomata Dropping Leaves during winter Needle-shaped leaves on conifers Cactus spines instead of leaves

19 How are flowers useful to plants? What is pollination? _ How can flowers be pollinated? Give 3 ways How do seeds help plant populations to survive? What are some seed adaptations? What is a hormone? What does the hormone auxin do? What do gibberellins cause? What does Abscisic acid do? Discuss how plants use chemical defenses? How do humans take advantage of the chemical plants make (think about medicine)?

20 Station 13 Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. f. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. Animal Defenses Behavior What is it? Give an example. What is a structural adaptation? Innate Instincts Define Mechanical defense and discuss 2 examples: Territorial Migration Learned Imprinting: Habituation: 1-2- Define Chemical defense and discuss 2 examples: Describe hibernation and estivation? How do they help organisms survive? 1- Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. 2- a.trace the history of the theory. Explain what is meant by survival of the fittest. b.explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution. What was Lamark s mechanism for evolution? What was Darwin s mechanism for evolution? What are the two rates of evolution? Explain each. 1. Gradualism 2. Punctuated equalibrium What is natural selection? What are the 4 principles of natural selection? Explain each type of evolution. Give an example of each. 1. Coevolution 2. Divergent Evolution 2.Convergent Evolution What is speciation? List and describe 3 Mechanism of Speciation:

21 Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of Causes of microevolution What can lead to changes in allele frequencies? the theory of evolution. a. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory. What is meant by an organism s fitness? b. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. c. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance). What is a fossil? In relative dating how do you know which fossil is older? Explain the 3 outcomes of natural selection and make a sketch. Describe the 5 pieces of evidence that support evolution: 1. Fossils: 2. DNA: 3. Homologous structures: 4. Embryology: 5. Vestigial Organs Disruptive Stabililizing Directional How can bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic? Organisms with genes that allow them to survive get to reproduce and pass on their good genes. Helpful Websites **Make sure you choose EOCT not GHSGT review. Look at the tabs at the top.** Website for Biology EOCT practice questions, games, etc to review for the EOCT test! Click on Member Login. School ID: Password: Choose biology under tab eoct test. Scroll down and choose practice or games to review.

22