Final Exam Review. 1. Arrange the 7 levels of Linnaean classification from most general (ie: kingdom) to most specific (ie: species)

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1 SBI 3U1 Final Exam Review Diversity 1. Arrange the 7 levels of Linnaean classification from most general (ie: kingdom) to most specific (ie: species) 2. a) Explain how the structure of prokaryotic cells differs from eukaryotic cells. b) Explain the difference between auotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. 3. Give three distinguishing features for each of the following kingdoms and give an example of an organism from each: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Protista 4. a) Define binomial nomenclature. b) Of Prunus domesticus, Felis domesticus and Felis leo, which two organisms are most closely related? Explain your answer. 5. Design a dichotomous key that identifies the 5 different species in the following diagram: 6. Explain the main ways that bacteria reproduce. 7. How are bacteria classified? Draw a diagram of the three main shapes of bacteria. 7. What are antibiotics? How do bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics? 8. a) Explain why viruses are not considered to be organisms. b) Describe how viruses infect cells.

2 Animal Physiology 1. a) List three macronutrients and give their functions. b) What is an enzyme? 2. Complete the table: Nutrient Carbohydrates Location(s) where digestion occurs Enzymes used in digestion AND location where enzymes are produced Small molecules that make up macronutrient Protein Fat 3. a) State the function of each of the following: salivary glands, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas b) Be able to locate the structures of the digestive system above on a diagram. 4. List three digestive enzymes found in the human body and state their specific functions. 5. Explain how the lungs maximize the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood. 6. a) Define: tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory reserve, residual volume, expiratory reserve b) What is the relationship between the above terms? Be able to use the equations to solve for any of the variables! 7. Describe the differences in lung volume, air pressure and muscles (diaphragm and intercostals) when inspiration occurs, as opposed to when expiration occurs. 8. a) Name the five major blood vessels associated with the heart and describe their purpose. b) Explain the location and function of valves in the heart. 9. Compare veins, arteries and capillaries in the table below. Vessel Direction of blood flow Diameter Wall thickness Blood pressure Presence of valves Veins Arteries Capillaries

3 10. Explain the following terms: systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelets, plasma, systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation 11) Explain how the digestive, circulatory and respiratory systems all work together. 12) What happens to the body when you go to a higher altitude? How can this be beneficial to athletes? 13) How is oxygen transported in the body? How is carbon dioxide transported? **Be able to label all structures discussed in the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems!! Genetics 1. Define: haploid, diploid, gamete, meiosis, homologous 2. a) Make a labelled sketch of a cell in prophase I of meiosis. Include the following: homologous chromosomes, tetrad, synapsis, centromere, chromatid, centriole, spindle fibers, pole, equator. b) List three differences between meiosis I and meiosis II. c) List three differences between meiosis and mitosis ** Be able to identify all stages of mitosis and meiosis!! 3. Define: hybrid, F1 offspring, dominant, recessive, allele, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, heterozygous, homozygous, genotype, phenotype, trait, sex-linkage, karyotype, pedigree, test cross, Punnett square, Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment 4. With the help of a Punnett square, find the probability that a person who has brown eyes is heterozygous, if one of their parents is brown -eyed and one is blue -eyed. Assume that the allele for blue eyes is recessive. 5. With the help of a Punnett square show the results of a cross between a hybrid fruit fly with normaltype wings (dominant) and a fly having underdeveloped and shrivelled wings (vestigial). 6. With the help of a Punnett square, find the phenotypic ratio of the offspring from the cross between a heterozygous black, long-haired guinea pig and a white, short-haired guinea pig. 7. Show, using a full solution, how a cross between red flowered plants and white flowered plants that produces pink flowered plants illustrates incomplete dominance. 8. Using a Punnett square, show how a woman carrying the recessive sex-linked allele for colour blindness and a colour blind man could have a daughter who is not colour blind.

4 9. a) State the phenotypes for each of the following blood genotypes: i) I A I A ii) I A i iii) I B I B iv) I B i v) I A I B vi) ii b) With a complete solution, show the results of a cross between a man with the genotype I A I A and a woman with type O blood. 10) What are the chances that a couple will have 4 children in a row that are all boys? 11) What is a DNA fingerprint? How can you determine which individuals are most closely related by looking at a DNA fingerprint? 12) Answer the following questions using the pedigree. a) Is the trait autosomal or sex-linked? How do you know? b) Is the trait dominant or recessive? How do you know? c) Write the genotype of every individual. d) Label one male and one female on the pedigree. Evolution 1. a) What two ideas did Darwin s book Origin of Species explain and elaborate on? b) Only one of these was a new idea. Explain. c) Where did the evidence come from for Darwin s theory? 2. a) Describe two sources of variation. Which one is the only source of new alleles? b) Define natural selection. c) Why is an understanding of genetics important to understanding evolution? d) Explain the relationship between natural selection and variation. e) Mutations that accumulate in a population are usually beneficial. Explain why. 3. a) List five areas of evidence for evolution. b) Give an example of a vestigial structure in humans. c) Explain the difference between homologous and analogous structures, and give an example for each.

5 4. Explain each of the following terms: adaptation, variation, selected for, selected against 5. Explain the term artificial selection and give two examples of organisms that humans have changed purposely in this way. 6. a) Differentiate between: i) directional selection ii) stabilizing selection iii) disruptive selection b) Sketch a graph which could be used to illustrate each of the above terms. c) Give an example of stabilizing selection in humans. 7. The term microevolution is used to describe the development of differences in the gene pool of a population. List five factors that will contribute to microevolution. 8. Differentiate between the following: convergent evolution, adaptive radiation, divergent evolution 9. Explain how separate species are formed from one using (i) allopatric and (ii) sympatric speciation. 10. (a) Explain the term drift, in terms of allele frequencies. (b) Drift in small populations can lead to bottleneck or the founder effect. Explain how each of these situations could happen. 11. (a) State the Hardy-Weinberg Principle. (b) In guinea pigs, white hair is recessive and dark hair is dominant. Out of 30 guinea pigs, 5 are white, 15 are heterozygous dark and 10 are homozygous dark. What is the frequency of the recessive allele? What is the frequency of the dominant allele? 12. Create a cladogram using the following data: Species Derived characteristics A B C D E Elephant Rhinoceros Rabbit Monkey Walrus Platypus List the reproductive isolating mechanisms studied, classify each as prezygotic or postzygotic, and give an example of each.

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