Introduction: Biology Today

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1 Chapter 1 Introduction: Biology Today 1 THE SCOPE OF LIFE The Properties of Life Biology is the scientific study of life. What is life? The study of biology encompasses a wide scale of size and a huge variety of life, both past and present. 2 PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane B. Reece Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko 3 4 1) Order 1) Order 2) Regulation 3) Growth and delopment All living things exhibit complex but ordered organization 4) Energy Processing 5) Respons to the Environment 6) Reproduction 7) Evolution

2 5 6 2) Regulation 3) Growth and development The environment outside an organism may change drastically, but the organism can adjust its internal environment, Information carried by DNA controls the pattern of growth and development 7 8 4) Energy processing 5) Response to the environment Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life s activities; they emit energy as heat All organisms respond to environmental stimuli.

3 9 10 6) Response to the environment 7) Evolution Organisms reproduce their own kind Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations to change (evolve) over time Emergent properties: At each level novel properties emerge from the specific arrangement and interactions of the parts in an increasingly sophisticated system. In simple terms the sum is greater than the parts Car analogy

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6 21 22 Nucleus Atom Ecosystems 23 Ecosystems 24 Each organism interacts continuously with its environment. The dynamics of any ecosystem depend on two main processes: Organisms interact continuously with the living and nonliving factors in the environment. All the living organisms in a specific area, along with all of the nonliving factors with which they interact, form an ecosystem. recycling of chemical nutrients and flow of energy. Within ecosystems nutrients are recycled but energy flows through.

7 Figure Cells and Their DNA 26 Inflow of light energy ECOSYSTEM Outflow of heat energy The cell is the level at which the properties of life emerge. Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Chemical energy (food) Consumers (animals) Cycling of nutrients Decomposers (in soil) Cells are the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life. All organisms are composed of cells. Cells are the subunits that make up multicellular organisms such as humans and trees. Cells and Their DNA 27 Cells and Their DNA 28 All cells share many characteristics. We can distinguish two major types of cells: All cells are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings. Every cell uses DNA as its genetic information. 1. The prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller and characteristic of bacteria. 2. The eukaryotic cell is subdivided by internal membranes into different functional compartments called organelles and found in plants and animals.

8 Figure Cells and Their DNA 30 Prokaryotic cell (bacterium) Smaller Simpler structure DNA concentrated in nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by membrane Lacks most organelles Nucleoid region Organelles Larger More complex structure by membrane Colorized TEM Eukaryotic cell Nucleus enclosed Contains many types of organelles Nucleus All cells use DNA as the chemical material of genes, the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring. The chemical language of DNA is common to all organisms and consists of just four molecular building blocks with names that are abbreviated as A, G, C, T.

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