Interactions of Living Things
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1 CHAPTER 14 LESSON 2 Interactions of Living Things Populations and Communities Key Concepts How do individuals and groups of organisms interact? What are some examples of symbiotic relationships? What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After you ve read this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. Before Statement After 3. Changes that occur in an ecosystem can cause populations to become larger or smaller. 4. Some organisms have relationships with other types of organisms that help them to survive. Create a Quiz After you read this lesson, write five questions about what you learned. Exchange quizzes with another student. Together, discuss the answers to your quizzes. 1. Draw a Conclusion Can a trout and a catfish be members of the same population? Explain why or why not. Populations Have you caught a fish while fishing in a lake? That fish was a member of a population. Recall that a population is all the members of one species that live in an area. An individual fish is a member of a population. That population of fish might live in a small area, such as a lake, or in a large area, such as an ocean. You learned that abiotic factors and biotic factors in an ecosystem affect the organisms in the ecosystem. Sunlight, temperature, and water quality are some of the abiotic factors that affect the fish in a lake and in the ocean. Biotic factors that affect the fish include plants that they eat and other organisms that hunt them. If any of these factors change, the fish population can also change. Population Size Think about the fish in the lake. What might happen to the fish population if a large number of fish eggs hatched? Now consider what might happen to the fish population if hundreds of people caught fish from the lake. The figure on the next page shows possible changes that can happen to the fish population of a lake over time. 244 Interactions of Living Things Reading Essentials
2 Some fish are caught or eaten, reducing the population. Some fish might leave the population by moving to another location. Visual Check 2. Infer How do you think fish hatching affects the other populations in the community? The population increases as more fish hatch. As fish die, the population gets smaller. Population size can increase, or it can decrease. If more fish move into the area or more fish hatch, the fish population increases. The fish population can decrease if more people catch fish or if some fish move to another location. Sometimes the size of a population changes because the ecosystem changes. For example, when there is little rainfall, a pond might become smaller and some fish might die. Population Density Population density describes the number of organisms in the population compared to the amount of space available. A dense population might have one fish for every few cubic meters of water. If a population is dense, organisms might not find enough resources to live. They might not grow as large as individuals in less-crowded conditions. Limiting Factors What keeps a population from becoming too large? Limiting factors are factors that can limit the growth of a population. The amount of water, space, shelter, and food affects a population s size. When there are not enough resources, some individuals will die. The availability of nesting sites, predation, competition, disease, and parasitism also can limit how many individuals survive. Biotic Potential Imagine a population of fish with unlimited food and water and no predators. The population would keep growing until it reached its biotic potential. Biotic potential is the potential growth of a population if it could grow in perfect conditions with no limiting factors. The population s rate of birth is the highest it can be. Its rate of death is the lowest it can be. 3. Predict What would happen to a population of fish if one hundred people caught fish in the lake? Reading Check 4. Name four limiting factors. Reading Essentials Interactions of Living Things 245
3 Carrying Capacity Almost no population reaches its biotic potential. Instead, it reaches its carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is the largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time. Limiting factors in an area determine the area s carrying capacity, as shown below. The rabbit population competes for resources such as food and water. Space limits the number of rabbits who can make homes. Disease and predators limit the population as well. Visual Check As the population grows, the rabbits compete with each other for resources. 5. Identify List the limiting factors described in the figure. The amounts and types of space available in an environment mean only a certain number of rabbits can make homes and nests. The amount of resources, such Disease and harmful parasites as food and water, limit how can reduce the size of a many rabbits can survive. population quickly. The presence of predators limits how large the population can grow. Overpopulation An area is overpopulated when a 6. Explain Why is overpopulation harmful to organisms? Communities Key Concept Check 7. Discuss How do the different populations in a lake interact with each other? 246 Interactions of Living Things Recall that populations in the same area interact as a community. Think about the fish in a lake. Many other populations of organisms live in and around the lake. These include different species of fish, frogs, algae, bacteria, insects, plants, raccoons, and other organisms. All the populations of the lake community interact with each other in different ways. Populations might compete with each other for some of the resources available in the lake. The organisms of each population must have a certain amount of space in which to live. Some populations hunt each other for food or compete for places to hide from predators. Reading Essentials Reading Check population grows larger than its carrying capacity. In other words, the population has grown beyond the area s ability to support it. Overpopulation often results in overcrowding, a lack of resources, and an unhealthful environment. A trout, for example, might not grow very large in overcrowded conditions. Waste from a large trout population might build up faster than it can be broken down. The waste buildup might make the population sick.
4 Symbiotic Relationships Populations affect their community by the ways they interact with each other. Each population has different ways to stay alive and reproduce. All populations in a community share a habitat. A habitat is the physical place where a population or organism lives. Each organism also has a niche in the community. A niche is the unique ways an organism survives, obtains food and shelter, and avoids danger in its habitat. Some organisms develop relationships with other organisms that help them survive. A symbiotic relationship is one in which two different species live together and interact closely over a long period of time. Some symbiotic relationships benefit both organisms. Other relationships benefit one organism and harm the other organism. Some relationships benefit one organism, but have no effect on the other organism. Mutualism Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which two species in a community benefit from the relationship. Leafcutter ants collect plant material and bring it back to their nest. They do not eat the leaves, but they chew the leaves into small pieces. A fungus grows on the small pieces of leaves. The ants eat the fungus. The leafcutter ants have provided a place for the fungus to grow. In turn, the fungus becomes a food source for the ants. The ants and the fungus have a mutualistic relationship. Parasitism Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species (the parasite) benefits while another (the host) is harmed. Mistletoe is a parasite. It grows in the branches of trees, sending its roots into the tissues of its host, the tree. The mistletoe takes food and water from the tree. This can weaken the tree and might eventually kill it. Commensalism Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. For example, cocklebur plants produce spiny seeds. These spiny burs with hooks are seed pods. They stick to passing animals and humans when they touch them. The plants seeds are spread to other areas as the animals and humans move from place to place. The plants benefit from their seeds being spread. Humans and animals are not harmed or helped by the cockleburs. Use a three-tab book to organize your notes about the types of symbiotic relationships. Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism 8. Contrast How is mutualism different from parasitism? Key Concept Check 9. Identify What is one example of a symbiotic relationship? Reading Essentials Interactions of Living Things 247
5 Mini Glossary biotic potential: the potential growth of a population if it could grow in perfect conditions with no limiting factors carrying capacity: the largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time habitat: the physical place where a population or organism lives limiting factor: a factor that can limit the growth of a population niche: the unique ways an organism survives, obtains food and shelter, and avoids danger in its habitat symbiotic relationship: one in which two different species live together and interact closely over a long period of time 1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Write a sentence that explains how limiting factors and biotic potential are related. 2. The table below describes changes in the environment where a population of deer live. Predict whether each change will increase or decrease the size of the deer population. Place a check mark in the correct box in the table. Effect on Population of Deer Change in the Environment Increase Decrease a. A company dumped harmful waste into a stream where the deer drink. b. Deer hunters have been very successful this season. c. A disease has killed many wolves that prey on deer. d. Winter was especially harsh this year. e. Heavy rains this spring helped the grass that the deer eat grow very thick. What do you think Reread the statements at the beginning of the lesson. Fill in the After column with an A if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. Did you change your mind? ConnectED Log on to ConnectED.mcgraw-hill.com and access your textbook to find this lesson s resources. END OF LESSON 248 Interactions of Living Things Reading Essentials
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