Protozoans. BIO2135 Animal Form & Function. Protozoans. Page 1. Protist origins: Endosymbiont theory. Origin of the nuclear envelope

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1 1 Protist origins: Endosymbiont theory Endosymbiont theory accounts for Nuclear membranes Intracellular membranes and spaces Mitochondria (chloroplasts) 2 Origin of the nuclear envelope Cytoplasm Nuclear region (Nucleoid) Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope 3 Page 1

2 Endosymbiosis Photosythetic bacteria Chloroplast Nuclear material (Nucleoid) Aerobic bacteria Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic retic. Developing endomembranes Mitochondria 4 Origin of cellular motility Cellular creeping 5 Centriole (Centrosomes or basal bodies) 6 Page 2

3 Spindle fibers and chromosomes 7 Microtubules and cytoskeleton 8 Molecular motors Dyenin Kinesin Myosin 9 Page 3

4 Kinesin/Dyenin motors 10 Origin of cellular motility 11 Protist Supergroups Unikonts Opisthokonta (Animalia and Fungi) Amoebozoa Bikonts Chromalveolata (Ciliophora and Apicomplexa) Archaeplastida (Plantae) Excavata (Euglenozoa) Rhizaria 12 Page 4

5 Unikont and bikont protists Reclinomonas americana Alastair Simpson Things that animals do Maintain water and salt balance Obtain oxygen Remove metabolic wastes Obtain food Be able to move Sense and react to the environment Reproduce and perpetuate the species 15 Page 5

6 Things animals do gas and nitrogenous waste Advantages of small size are mm in size. Size Surface Volume Surface/volume 0.5 mm , mm mm mm Things animals do metabolic wastes Nitrogenous wastes NH 3 Ammonia Urea Uric acid Guanine HN C O O = C N H C C H N N H C=O HN C H 2 N O=C O C = N NH 2 NH 2 N C C N H CH 17 Things animals do Obtain food Phagocytosis and pinocytosis 18 Page 6

7 Things animals do Obtain food Digestion Lysosome Phagosome (Food vacuole) Enzymes Ingested food particle Phagolysosome (Food vacuole) 19 Things animals do obtain food Digestion Cytoproct Cytostome Food vacuole 20 Things animals do - locomotion Types of protozoan movement Pseudopods Undulipods Cilia Flagella No movement Parasitic forms 21 Page 7

8 Things animals do - locomotion Undulipodia: Organization (Sliding microtubule hypothesis) Dyenin arms Central microtubules Peripheral microtubules 22 Undulipods Dyenin 23 Things that animals do - Reproduction Sexual reproduction Syngamy Conjugation Asexual Binary fission Multiple fission 24 Page 8

9 Choanozoa (Unikont: Opisthokonta) Flagella Collar 25 Colonial choanoflagellates Unikont: Opisthokonta 26 Things animals do - locomotion Flagellar beat Planar beat Helicoid beat 27 Page 9

10 Protist Supergroups Unikonts Opisthokonta (Animalia and Fungi) Amoebozoa Bikonts Chromalveolata (Ciliophora and Apicomplexa) Archaeplastida (Plantae) Excavata (Euglenozoa) Rhizaria 28 Things animals do - locomotion Amoeba (Sarcomastigota: Amebozoa) Food Vacuoles Nucleus Endoplasm Water expulsion vesicle Ectoplasm Pseudopodia 29 Things animals do locomotion Pseudopod locomotion (Amebozoa) Ectoplasm Endoplasm Hyaline cap Direction of movement 30 Page 10

11 Molecular motors Dyenin Kinesin Myosin 31 Vorticella: Myonemes Alveolate: Ciliophora Olih00x1 32 Protist Supergroups Unikonts Opisthokonta (Animalia and Fungi) Amoebozoa Bikonts Chromalveolata (Ciliophora and Apicomplexa) Archaeplastida (Plantae) Excavata (Euglenozoa) Rhizaria 33 Page 11

12 Things animals do Obtain food Cytoproct Paramecium (Alveolate: Ciliophora) Food Vacuole Oral Groove Cytostome Cytopharynx Pellicle Macronucleus Water expulsion vesicle (empty) Micronucleus 34 Things animals do - locomotion Ciliar movement: Metachronal wave 35 Things animals do - locomotion Pellicle structure (Alveolate: Ciliophora) Cilium Alveolus Kinetodesma Kinetosome 36 Page 12

13 Things animals do - locomotion Pellicle structure 37 Things animals do - locomotion Compound ciliature Undulating membranes Membranelles Cirrus Membranelle Cirrus 38 Things animals do - locomotion Euplotes Alveolate: Ciliophora 39 Page 13

14 Nuclear organization Alveolate: Ciliophora Macronucleus Micronucleus 40 Conjugation - Alveolata: Ciliophora Conjugates join at the oral area and the micronucleus undergoes meiosis 41 Conjugation (Alveolata: Ciliophora) 4 micronuclei are formed, Macronucleus remains 42 Page 14

15 Conjugation (Alveolata: Ciliophora) Micronuclei are exchanged Macronucleus remains 43 Conjugation (Alveolata: Ciliophora) Two micronuclei and macronucleus disappear 44 Conjugation Alveolata: Ciliophora Synkaryon forms from the fusion of micronuceli in each conjugant. 45 Page 15

16 Things that animals do - reproduction Conjugation (Alveolata: Ciliophora) Three mitotic divisions produce 8 nuclei 46 Things that animals do - reproduction Conjugation (Alveolata: Ciliophora) 4 micronuclei become macronuclei, 3 disappear, and remaining become micronucleus. 47 Conjugation (Alveolata: Ciliophora) Mitotic divisions of micronuclei and macronucleus 48 Page 16

17 Malaria human (Alveolata: Apicomplexa) Sporogony Gametogony RBCs Liver Schizogony 49 Malaria human Oocysts beneath Alveolata: Apicomplexa stomach lining Sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands Female gamete Male gamete Sporogony Ingestion of gametocytes Mosquito's saliva infects human Gametogony RBCs Liver Schizogony 50 Malaria human Alveolata: Apicomplexa Sporogony Ingestion of gametocytes Macrogametocyte Microgametocyte RBCs Merozoites Sporozoites enter liver cells Liver Schizont Gametogony Trophozoite Schizogony 51 Page 17

18 Protist Supergroups Unikonts Opisthokonta (Animalia and Fungi) Amoebozoa Bikonts Chromalveolata (Ciliophora and Apicomplexa) Archaeplastida (Plantae) Excavata (Euglenozoa) Rhizaria 52 Things that animals do sense their environment Euglena (Discicristata: Euglenozoa) Flagellum Eyespot Paraflagellar body Water expulsion vesicle Chloroplast Nucleus Nucleolus Pellicle Paramylon grains 53 Protist Supergroups Unikonts Opisthokonta (Animalia and Fungi) Amoebozoa Bikonts Chromalveolata (Ciliophora and Apicomplexa) Archaeplastida (Plantae) Excavata (Euglenozoa) Rhizaria 54 Page 18

19 Protozoan skeletons: Tests Calcium Carbonate Granuloreticulosae Silica Rhizopods 55 Protozoan skeletons (Granuloreticulosea) 56 Things animals do salt and water balance Water expulsion vesicle (Contractile vacuoles) Endoplasmic reticulum Excretory pore Full Ampulla Feeder canal Empty 57 Page 19

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