Mid-Term Study Guide. What is Science. 1. Compare hypothesis-driven and discovery science. 2. Compare theories, laws, and hypothesis

Transcription

1 What is Science Mid-Term Study Guide 1. Compare hypothesis-driven and discovery science 2. Compare theories, laws, and hypothesis What is Biology 3. List the 8 characteristics of living things

2 4. List the 5 unifying themes of biology Cells are the smallest unit of life Genes are how traits are passed from one generation to the next Living things change over time Homeostasis maintains internal environments of organisms All living things require energy to survive 5. List the organization of living things from least complicated to most complicated STEM & Technical Design Process 6. What does STEM stand for SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING MATH 7. List at least three STEM programs here at MCTI All of our programs are STEM

3 8. List the steps of the technical design process Define the Problem Do Background Research Specify Requirements Brainstorm Solutions Choose the Best Solution Do Development Work Build a Prototype Test and Redesign 9. Choose three of the steps and explain how you have used them in science or shop class this year Water and Living Things 10. List the four most important properties of water as it relates to living things and explain why each is important to living things Surface Tension - Allows water drops to stick together, allows organisms to walk on water Universal Solvent - Allows nutrients to be dissolved for use by organisms Heat Capacity - Keeps us from freezing, regulates climate, regulates body temperature Density - Ensures ice floats 11. Compare polar and nonpolar molecules. Which is water? Polar Molecules electrons are shared unequally so they have an uneven electrical charge so they have a positive end and a negative end Nonpolar molecules the electrons are shared equally so there is no charge Water is polar 12. What kind of substances can water dissolve? Polar Hydrophilic 13. Compare solvents, solutes, and solutions Solvent Liquid doing the dissolving (i.e water) Solute Solid, Liquid, or Gas being dissolved Solution The mixture of solvent and solute

4 14. Compare the heat capacity of land, water, and air Water has a high heat capacity - it warms and cools slowly Air has a low heat capacity - it warms and cools quickly Land is in the middle 15. What is the formula for density D=M/V Density = Mass/Volume 16. Describe or sketch how the density of water changes with temperature Transport and Homeostasis 17. What organelle/structure is most involved in material entering and leaving the cell Plasma Membrane 18. Compare active and passive transport Active transport requires energy to move material against the concentration gradient Passive transport relies on differences in concentration gradient so no energy is used by the cell Both move material into and out of the cell

5 19. List the different kinds of active and passive transport Active: Molecular Pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis Passive: Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion 20. Compare isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic Isotonic - The water and solute concentration are the same inside and outside the cell. Water does not move. Hypertonic - The water concentration is higher inside the cell than outside. The solute concentration is higher outside the cell. Water moves out of the cell. Hypotonic - The water concentration is higher outside the cell than inside. The solute concentration is lower outside the cell. Water moves into the cell. 21. Compare endocytosis and exocytosis Endocytosis - Active transport of very large molecules into the cell Exocytosis - Active transport of very large molecule out of the cell 22. Compare facilitated diffusion and molecular pump Both move material through the plasma membrane through carrier proteins Facilitated diffusion is passive so material moves from high concentration to low Molecular pump is active so material moves from low concentration to high 23. Compare endotherms and ectotherms Endotherms internally generated heat body temperature stays steady warm blooded most mammals and birds Ectotherms depends on external heat sources body temperature changes with the temperature of the environment cold blooded most reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates

6 24. What are the four systems responsible for transport within the animal body and between the animal body and its environment? Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Excretory 25. Provide examples of why each of the following is important to life Water Cycle - Circulates water and heat energy around the globe and between organisms Nitrogen Cycle - Removes nitrogen from atmosphere and puts it into a form usable by plants Carbon Cycle - Carbon is the building block of all living things. It is also a contributor to global warming. The carbon cycle helps keep carbon out of the atmosphere and creates new living things Phosphorus Cycle - Removes phosphorus from the rocks and puts it into a form usable by plants 26. Explain the effects of eutrophication on aquatic ecosystems Eutrophication is the over-enrichment of aquatic ecosystems. Nutrients can come from dead and decaying organisms, runoff, sewage, and pollution. The nutrients cause algae to grow rapidly. When the the algae dies its decay quickly consumes all of the oxygen in the water, creating low oxygen conditions and resulting in odors, dying fish and other problems. Genetics 27. Compare Mitosis and Meiosis

7 28. Sketch the different stages of the cell cycle 29. Compare benign and malignant tumors 30. List the five ways cancer cells differ from normal cells Shorter Interphase Uncontrolled Mitosis Grow faster Break away and travel throughout body Different physical structure 31. Summarize the contributions the five people we studies made to the science of genetics Mendel - Father of heredity Avery and Others - Discovered DNA carries the genetic code Chargoff - # Guanine = # Cytosine, # Adenine = # thymine Rosalind Franklin - Analyzed x-rays to help determine the structure of DNA Watson and Crick - Credited with discovering the structure of DNA

8 32. In what organelles can DNA be found Mostly in nucleus Some in chloroplast and mitochondria 33. What are the four bases that make up DNA and how do they match up Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine Adenine and Thymine Guanine and Cytosine 34. Complete punnett squares Little Ice Age 35. Compare climate and weather 36. Has the climate of the Earth changed over time? Justify your answer. Yes - there is evidence from fossils, tree rings, and ice cores that shows the climate fluctuates.

9 37. List at least five historical events that can be attributed to the Little Ice Age Great Famine Viking Colony Deterioration Black Death (Plague) Witch Hunts 30 Year War Writing of Frankenstein Defeat of the Spanish Armada Potato Famine Midwest Population Explosion Stradivarius Violin Year without a Summer Vocab Abiotic Active Transport Adhesion Allele Biogeochemical Cycles Biology Biome Biosphere Biotic All of the nonliving parts of an ecosystem The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration that uses energy The attraction between different substances. Different version of a gene The movement of abiotic factors between the living and nonliving components within ecosystems The scientific study of living things and their essential processes. A large area or geographical region with distinct plant and animal groups adapted to that environment characterized by its climate and soil All the living things on Earth. Living or once-living parts of an ecosystem.

10 Cell Cohesion Community (Ecological) Concentration Gradient Diffusion Dominant Gene Ecology Ecosystem Endocytosis Environment Eukaryote Exocytosis Extracellular Facilitated Diffusion Genotype The basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. The attraction between like substances. Many populations in a common area The difference in concentration of a solute through a solution. The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration that does not require energy from the cell Allele that determines the phenotype The study of the relationships between organisms and their interactions with the environment. A system composed of organisms and nonliving components of an environment. An active transport process where a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane. The total surroundings of an organism or a group of organisms. Cells containing a membrane-bound nucleus, specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, and a mitotic nuclear division cycle. An active transport process where a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment Located outside a cell. Diffusion through transport proteins. Genetic make-up of an organism

11 Heterozygous Homozygous Homeostasis Hypothesis Impermeable Intracellular Law (Scientific) Multicellular Nucleus Organ Organ System Organelle Organism Osmosis Passive Transport ph Phenotype Two different alleles for a gene Two identical alleles for a gene The regulatory process in which an organism regulates its internal environment. A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon. Not permitting passage of a substance or substances. Located inside a cell. A description of phenomenon often using math Made up of more than one cell. A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains DNA and controls and regulates cellular activities. A group of tissues serving a common function. A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function or task. A subunit within a cell that has a specialized function. Anything that meets the 8 characteristics of living things The diffusion of water. The transportation of materials across a plasma membrane without using energy. The measure of acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution scaling from 1 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline) with a midpoint of 7 (neutral). Expressed trait of an organism

12 Plasma Membrane Population Prokaryote Recessive Gene Science System Terrestrial Theory (Scientific) Unicellular A phospholipid bilayer that encapsulates a cell and controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell through active or passive transport. A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographical area and reproducing. A single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and specialized organelles. Allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype Process of studying nature using repetitive techniques A bunch of parts working together to complete a function An organism associated with a land environment. An explanation of observable phenomena based on data and observations Made up of a single cell.