RAPID EVOLUTION IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

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1 University of Florida Center for Precollegiate Education and Training Drowsy Drosophila: RAPID EVOLUTION IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

2 DROWSY DROSOPHILA: RAPID EVOLUTION IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE Authors: Jennifer Broo and Jessica Mahoney Special thanks to the laboratory of Daniel Hahn at the University of Florida for developing the chill coma assay that served as the inspiration for this curriculum and for continued support for classroom implementation. Development of this curriculum was supported by NSF IOS , NSF IOS , the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, and the joint Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency (FAO/IAEA) CRP Dormancy Management to Enable Mass-rearing to Dr. Daniel Hahn. Additional support provided by the University of Florida (UF) and the UF Center for Precollegiate Education and Training through an award to Dr. Mary Jo Koroly from the National Center for Research Resources and the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives of the National Institutes of Health through Grant Number R25RR The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health. Additional information regarding the UF Center for Precollegiate Education and Training is available at Please direct inquiries to Julie Bokor at or Last updated: 10/25/ University of Florida Center for Precollegiate Education and Training PO Box Yon Hall, Room 331 Gainesville, FL Phone Fax

3 Contents 2 Introduction 3 Lesson Sequencing Guide 4 Vocabulary 5 Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Science 6 Advanced Placement Biology Essential Knowledge and Science Practices (SP) 7 Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) 67 STUDENT PAGE: Pre/ Post Unit Assessment and Survey 74 TEACHER PAGE: Part I of Pre/Post Assessment KEY 75 STUDENT PAGE: Drowsy Drosophila Summative Written Assessment Questions 79 TEACHER PAGE: Drowsy Drosophila Summative Written Assessment Questions KEY LESSON ONE 9 The Winners and Losers of Climate Change 11 STUDENT PAGE: Whiplash Weather and Phenotypic Plasticity Reading Guide 13 STUDENT PAGE: Climate Effected Species Baseball Cards 17 STUDENT PAGE: Winners and Losers of Climate Change 20 TEACHER PAGE: Winners and Losers of Climate Change KEY LESSON TWO 23 Chill Coma Assay and Evolution Investigation 27 STUDENT PAGE: Student Protocol: Chill Coma Assay 30 STUDENT PAGE: What Can Cold Flies Tell Us About Evolution? 35 STUDENT PAGE: Measuring Evolution with the Hardy- Weinberg Principle 38 TEACHER PAGE: What Can Cold Flies Tell Us About Evolution? KEY 43 TEACHER PAGE: Measuring Evolution in a Hardy-Weinberg Principle KEY LESSON THREE 47 Teacher Procedure: Patterns of Natural Selection 49 STUDENT PAGE: Patterns of Natural Selection 59 TEACHER PAGE: Patterns of Natural Selection KEY ABOUT THE COVER: Macro photo of drosophilia DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change 1

4 Introduction Natural selection is a central theme in biology and an important concept for student understanding of a wide variety of topics. One such topic is the ability for organisms to adapt to the increasing environmental stress predicted under contemporary global climate change. Global climate change will likely have substantial impacts on living organisms and it is critical to examine how genetic variation may either facilitate or limit the ability for organisms to adapt to global climate change through natural selection. In the present inquiry-based classroom activity, students will use a chill-coma recovery assay to compare thermal tolerance among six different lines (3 fast recovering lines and 3 slow recovering lines) of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. The objective of the activity is to provide students the opportunity to assess natural genetic variation in cold tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster and to discuss the implications for this variation to allow adaptation by natural selection to occur, thus facilitating persistence of the species despite a changing climate. Possible topics of discussion that can be used in conjunction with this activity include: genetics, evolutionary biology, conservation biology, global climate change, ecology, statistics, the scientific method, and many others, allowing this experiment to facilitate diverse teaching and learning opportunities. This activity will allow students to identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations, learn how to conduct a scientific investigation (including use of appropriate tools and techniques for data collection), how to use scientific technology and mathematics including a basic understanding of statistical testing and analysis, and to develop their critical thinking and communication skills 2 DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change

5 LESSON SEQUENCING GUIDE Since the classroom teacher knows his or her students best, the teacher should decide the sequencing of lessons. The suggested sequencing guide below is based on 45 minute class periods. WEEK 1 DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5 Homework Prior to Lesson One: Background Article Reading with Guided Questions Administer Pre-assessment (if using) LESSON ONE: Winners and Losers of Climate Change (Debrief background reading guide, complete Winners and Losers activity with species cards/debrief) LESSON TWO: Chilly Coma Assay and Evolution Investigation (Assay background presentation, run assay/collect raw data) LESSON TWO: Chill Coma Assay and Evolution Investigation (Data Analysis and Lab Wrap Up Questions) LESSON TWO: Chilly Coma Assay and Evolution Investigation (Mechanisms of Evolution Student Investigation Papers) WEEK 2 LESSON TWO: (Extension) Hardy Weinberg Extension Lesson and Practice Set LESSON THREE: Patterns of Natural Selection (Types of Selection Lesson and Practice) LESSON THREE: Patterns of Natural Selection (Group Selection Predictions) Administer Post Assessment DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change 3

6 Vocabulary ASSAY investigative (analytic) procedure CHILL COMA the loss of mobility in insects and other ectotherms at low temperatures CHILL COMA RECOVERY the period of time that it takes for an insect to regain mobility after being in a chill coma CLIMATE CHANGE a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. DIRECTIONAL SELECTION natural selection in which an extreme phenotype (i.e., phenotype either greater or lesser than the population mean) is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype DISRUPTIVE SELECTION natural selection in which extreme forms of a trait are favored over intermediate values. Variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups. Over time, disruptive selection can lead to two new species EVOLUTION descent with modification, this includes small-scale evolution (changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next) and large-scale evolution (the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations). GENETIC VARIATION variation in alleles of genes that occurs both within and among populations. Genetic variation is important because it provides the genetic material for natural selection GLOBAL WARMING term for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth s climate system and its related effects MUTATION change in DNA NATURAL SELECTION one of the basic mechanisms of evolution in which differential survival and reproduction of organisms occurs as a consequence of the characteristics of the environment PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY the ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype in response to different environments STABILIZING SELECTION natural selection in which intermediate forms of a trait are favored and the extremes are selected against 4 DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change

7 NET GENERATION SUNSHINE STATE STANDARDS SCIENCE BENCHMARK LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 SC.912.L Describe the conditions required for natural selection, including: overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, and the struggle to survive, which result in differential reproductive success. SC.912.L Discuss mechanisms of evolutionary change other than natural selection such as genetic drift and gene flow. SC.912.L Describe how mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation. SC.912.L.17.4 Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession SC.912.L Discuss the large-scale environmental impacts resulting from human activity, including waste spills, oil spills, runoff, greenhouse gases, ozone depletion, and surface and groundwater pollution. SC.912.N.1.1 Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge SC.912.N.1.3 Recognize that the strength or usefulness of a scientific claim is evaluated through scientific argumentation, which depends on critical and logical thinking, and the active consideration of alternative scientific explanations to explain the data presented. SC.912.N.1.6 Describe how scientific inferences are drawn from scientific observations and provide examples from the content being studied. SC.912.N.3.1 Explain that a scientific theory is the culmination of many scientific investigations drawing together all the current evidence concerning a substantial range of phenomena thus, a scientific theory represents the most powerful explanation scientists have to offer. DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change 5

8 ADVANCED PLACEMENT BIOLOGY ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENCE PRACTICES (SP) ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS & SCIENCE PRACTICES LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 Enduring Understanding 1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population overtime is evolution. Enduring Understanding 1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment. Enduring Understanding 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity of life. Enduring understanding 4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment. Science Practice 1: The student can use representations and models to communicate scientific phenomena and solve scientific problems. Science Practice 3: The student can engage in scientific questioning to extend thinking or to guide investigations within the context of the AP course. Science Practice 5: The student can perform data analysis and evaluation of evidence. Science Practice 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. 6 DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change

9 NET GENERATION SCIENCE STANDARDS (NGSS) LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 HS-LS3-3.Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population. HS-LS4-4. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations. HS-LS4-2. Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited resources, and (4) the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in the environment. HS-LS4-5. Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in: (1) increases in the number of individuals of some species, (2) the emergence of new species over time, and (3) the extinction of other species. HS-LS4-3. Apply concepts of statistics and probability to support explanations that organisms with an advantageous heritable trait tend to increase in proportion to organisms lacking this trait. HS-LS4-4. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations. HS-LS2-2. Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales. HS-LS2-6. Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem. Crosscutting Concept 1. Patterns. Observed patterns of forms and events guide organization and classification, and they prompt questions about relationships and the factors that influence them. Crosscutting Concept 2. Cause and effect: Mechanism and explanation. Events have causes, sometimes simple, sometimes multifaceted. A major activity of science is investigating and explaining causal relationships and the mechanisms by which they are mediated. Such mechanisms can then be tested across given contexts and used to predict and explain events in new contexts. Crosscutting Concept 7. Stability and change. For natural and built systems alike, conditions of stability and determinants of rates of change or evolution of a system are critical elements of study DROWSY DROSOPHILA: Rapid Evolution in the Face of Climate Change 7