(4, , ) BIO1130

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1 1 Geological time scale and building height (1floor 60Ma, 72 floors, 12 feet/floor) Major Eons (Ma) Phanerozoic (550 Ma to present time, top 9 floors ) Proterozoic (2, Ma, 33 rd -63 rd ) Archaean (3,800 2,500 Ma, 12 th 33 rd) Hadean (4,500 3,800 Ma, 0-12 th ) 2 Domains of life Figure Page 1

2 Archaea, Eubacteria & Eukarya (Table 20.2) Archaea Eubacteria Eukarya Cell Wall No peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan Plasma membrane Operon genes Translation Nuclear envelope Circular Chromosome DNA/histones 1 st amino acid Branched with ether links Unbranched with ester links Cellulose, chitin or none Unbranched with ester links Yes Yes No Complex RNA polymerases Simple RNA polymerase Complex RNA polymerases No No Yes Yes Yes No, multiple linear Yes No Yes Methionine Formylmethione Methionine 4 Eukaryote autapomorphies Nuclear envelope Endomembrane system Mitochondria Multiple chromosomes and diploidy Centrosomes 5 Origin of the nuclear envelope Cytoplasm Nuclear region (Nucleoid) Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Figure Page 2

3 Endosymbiosis of bacterial cells Photosythetic bacteria Chloroplast Nuclear material (Nucleoid) Aerobic bacteria Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic retic. Developing endomembranes Mitochondria Figure Eukaryote autapomorphies Nuclear envelope Endomembrane system Mitochondria Multiple chromosomes and diploidy Centrosomes 8 Eukaryote variability Random segregation 9 Page 3

4 Eukaryote variability - Random segregation Chromosomes Combinations Chromosomes Combinations ,554, cow 1,073,741, ,359,738, x , x mouse 1,048, x human* 4,194, Eukaryote genetic recombination Meiosis and crossing over (chiasmata) Crossing over Meiosis II Tetrad Meiosis I Homologous pair Sister Chromatids Figure Genetic recombination Crossing over Figure Page 4

5 Centriole (Centrosomes or basal bodies) Figure Microtubules Figure 2.18 & Molecular motors Dyenin Kinesin Myosin Figure similar to Page 5

6 Kinesin/Dyenin motors 16 Origin of cellular motility 17 Unikont and bikont protists 18 Page 6

7 Protist super groups 19 Secondary endosymbiosis of eukaryote cells Figure Animals Fungi Some protists Red algae chorophyll a Non-photosynthtic eukaryote cell Plastid Plastid Land plants Red algae Plastid Green algae chlorophyll a & b Green algae Multiple membrane plastid Multiple membrane plastid Chlorarachniophytes Heterokonts Ciliates Apicomplexans Dinoflagellates Euglenoids 20 Eukaryote taxa Green plants Figure Page 7

8 Protists as primary Producers Figure 47.9 Top predator Fishes Invertebrates Zooplankton Primary consumers Large Small Phytoplankton (primary producers) Large Small Dissolved nutrients 22 Protist locomotion Flagellar Ciliary Amoeboid 23 Protist locomotion Flagellar and ciliary movement 9+2 organization Dyenin arms Microtubules Figure 2.21 & Page 8

9 Protist locomotion Flagellar and ciliary movement Figure Protist locomotion Ciliary movement 26 Protist locomotion Amoeboid movement (Pseudopods) Ectoplasm Endoplasm Hyaline cap Direction of movement 27 Page 9

10 Protist anatomy Forming food vacuole Emptying food vacuole Gullet Micronucleus Cilia Food vacuole Contractile vacuole emptied Macronucleus Contractile vacuole filled Figure Haplontic Alternations of generations Diplontic Parasitic Some key terms: Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Mitosis Meiosis Zygote 29 Diplontic- Animals Zygote (2n) Mitosis Diploid phase Fertilization Haploid phase Meiosis Figure. 9.9a Gametes (n) 30 Page 10

11 Haplontic - Most fungi (and some algae) Zygote (2n) Fertilization Diploid phase Meiosis Gametes (n) Mitosis Haploid phase Mitosis Spore (2n) Figure. 9.9c Gametophyte (n) 31 Alternation of generations Plants (some fungi and algae) Zygote (2n) Fertilization Gametes (n) Mitosis Figure. 9.9b Mitosis Diploid phase Haploid phase Meiosis Spore (2n) Mitosis Gametophyte (n) 32 Nutritional strategies Ingestive - Animal-like protists Absorptive- Fungal-like protists Photosynthetic- Plant-like protists 33 Page 11

12 Haplontic - Fungal-like protists Alternations of generations - Plant-like protists Diplontic - Animal-like protists Parasitic 34 Parasitic Malaria Plasmodium sp. Oocysts beneath stomach lining Sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands Male gamete Ingestion of gametocytes Female gamete Sporogony Mosquito's saliva infects human Gametogony RBCs Liver Schizogony 35 Parasitic Malaria Plasmodium sp. Sporogony Ingestion of gametocytes Macrogametocyte Microgametocyte RBCs Merozoites Sporozoites enter liver cells Liver Schizont Gametogony Trophozoite Schizogony 36 Page 12