Summer Work Biology. 1. If the sperm of a horse has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will its body cells have? a. 16 c. 2 b. 64 d.

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1 Summer Work Biology Week One: A. Write the correct answer(s). 1. If the sperm of a horse has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will its body cells have? a. 16 c. 2 b. 64 d Which of the following cell structures participate in cellular division? a. Nuclear membrane b. Cytoplasm c. Chromosomes d. Spindle fibers 3. Which of these organelles contain enzymes responsible for intracellular digestion? a. lysosomes c. nucleus b. mitochondria d. pili 4. Having only one particular type of chromosomes is called: a. monosomy c. trisomy 21 b. trisomy d. Down Syndrome 1

2 B. State the three principles of the cell theory: C. Exercise 1: The following karyotype is that of an unborn child whose parents are concerned whether he/she is a normal child or not. a) What is the sex of the child? Justify. b) How many chromosomes are present in this karyotype? Compare it to that of a normal individual. c) Specify the location of the chromosomal abnormality of this karyotype. What name is given to this abnormality? 2

3 d) In your opinion, is this abnormality curable? Explain. D. Exercise 2: In humans, brown eye color (B), is dominant over blue eye color (b). 1) What are the phenotypes of the following genotypes? In other words, what color eyes will they have? a. BB: b. Bb: c. Bb: 2) Define the words genotype and phenotype. Week two: A. Write the correct answer(s): 1. What process is shown here? a. conjugation c. budding b. fission d. regeneration 3

4 2. Which two structures do plant cells have that animal cells don t have? a. nucleus and chloroplasts b. chromosomes and chlorophyll c. chloroplasts and a cell wall d. cell membrane and a nucleus 3. The statement that all cells come from pre-existing cells is a part of which theory? a. Hooke s theory b. The reproductive theory c. The cell theory d. The microscope theory 4. Nuclear membranes are beginning to form in each cell. What phase of meiosis is shown here? a. Metaphase 1 c. Telophase 1 b. Anaphase 2 d. Telophase 2 4

5 B. Complete the following WordSearch: 1. Gregor, the "father of genetics" 2. The generation is the offspring of a cross between parents that are pure for a given trait. 3. The principle of and recessiveness. 4. The outward expression or appearance: 5. The study of heredity: 6. An alternate form of a gene: 7. Having non identical alleles (not pure; ex. Aa): 8. Having identical alleles (pure, ex. AA): 9. Square used to determine probability and results of cross 10. The allele that is masked or covered up by the dominant allele: 11. The genetic make-up or an organism (Tt): 12. The plants Mendel did his studies on: 13. When neither allele is dominant (they are both expressed) V I T I G E E H E T E R O Z Y G O U S N V Y M E L V B P H O M O Z Y G O U S C P F 1 E O I Y R Y U O I Y X P Z W Y E Y G L Z N S B M Z D O M I N A N C E G E H Y C O S B A O D O V I U X T R P S E G X N F E S N M R C P U N N E T T A O N E T I C R D O O B F G B U E T P U L G O U I E X E H Z R Y G F U Q I E R X E R T I R M L K J D P H H U Z H Y Q B Q E T Y M C O D O M I N A N T E Z Q O N A O L P G K J W C V E L E L L A R E E E S P E E N I X P E A J W I E I G W E R T T T P O E P Y T O N E H P I C. Label the following diagram and then discuss what happens in each phase. 5

6 Week 3: A. Write the correct answer(s): 1. True or false: Some viruses can be prevented with vaccines. a. True b. False 6

7 2. When making a pedigree, which one of these symbols is used to represent an affected male? a.. c. b. d. 3. Which of these phenotypes could be the blood type of a child with a father of blood type AA and a mother of blood type AA? a. B c. A b. AB d. O 4. Which of these statements is NOT true? a. Homologous autosomes look alike. b. If you are a female, your 23rd pair of chromosomes is XX. c. The 23rd pair of chromosomes is exactly the same in human males and females. d. Human males produce two kinds of gametes, called X and Y. 7

8 B. Why is iodine used in the observation of onion cells under the light microscope? C. What is conjugation? Explain what happens during each step of the process D. Solve the following genetics problem: Humans can have one of four possible blood types: O, A, B. and AB. These are the result of three alleles for blood proteins (multiple alleles) that are inherited as a single gene trait of two alleles. The possible genotypes and phenotypes are as follows: oo is type O; AA and Ao are type A; BB and Bo are type B; AB is type AB. A boy has blood type AB and his sister has type O blood. What are their genotypes and the genotypes of the parents? Justify. 8

9 Week 4: A. Write the correct answer(s): 1. Bacteria reproduce through... a. spirilli and cocci c. mitosis and meiosis b. fission and conjugation d. budding and regeneration 2. According to this Punnett square, what is the chance that a human offspring will be male or female? a. 75% c. 100% b. 50% d. 25% 9

10 3. What organelle in plants captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy? a. It is found in animal cells c. It is found in plant cells b. provides energy for the cell d. captures light energy used in photosynthesis 4. What part of the bacterial cell is this line pointing to? a. a plasmid c. a pilus (plural pili) b. a flagella d. a chromosome 10

11 B. Explain the main difference between active and passive immunity: C. Fill in the table below to list the body s first and second lines of defense. First Line of Defense Second Line of Defense D. Solve the following genetics problem: The inheritance of color in plants is autosomal (on the body chromosomes). The cross between two red flowered plants gave red flowered plants and white flowered plants. a. What conclusion can be deduced from the above cross? b. Designate by symbols the corresponding alleles. c. Write the genotype of each parent and the genotype of the white flowered plants. 11

12 d. The cross between a white flowered plant with a red flowered plant produces 50% red flowered plants and 50% white flowered plants. Make the necessary factorial analysis to determine the phenotypic percentages of the descendants. E. Write down the name of each of shapes of the virus:

13 3. 4. Week 5: A. Write the correct answer(s): 1. Female and male sex cells are called. a. hybrids c. gametes b. genotypes d. alleles 2. What shape category do bacteria belong to if they are spherical? a. conicus c. bacillus b. spirillum d. coccus 13

14 3. Which of these squares has the tt genotype? a. only 4 c. only 1 b. 2 and 3 d. 2 and 4 4. What is the genotype for the P1 Tall pea plant? a. Tt c. tt b. TT d. tall pea plant 14

15 B. What is the process shown in the figure below? Explain the function of this cell in the body. 15

16 C. Name and explain four ways that bacteria are beneficial to the environment D. Solve the following genetics problem: Albinism is a genetic autosomal anomaly characterized by the absence of pigmentation in the skin and hair. The affected persons have white skin and hair and trouble in vision as well. This anomaly depends on a gene that has two alleles, allele A and allele a. The figure shows the pedigree of a family where the case of albinism appears colored in black. 1. What is the relation between the following individuals? a. 3 and 4 b. 1 and 5 c. 7 and 8 16

17 2. Is the allele responsible for albinism dominant or recessive? Justify. 3. What are the genotypes of individuals 1, 2, 5 and 6? 4. Make the necessary factorial analysis to verify the appearance of the phenotypic descendents of the couple 5 and 6. 17

18 E. Solve the following genetics problem: A red flower (RR) and a white flower (WW) were crossbred, resulting in 100% RW. 1. What conclusion can be made on the mode of inheritance? 2. What phenotype(s) can been seen in the flowers of the F1 generation? F. Write down the steps of the viral replication in the case where the virus is in its active stage and in the case where the virus is in its latent stage (dormant). Active Latent 1. A. 2. B. 3. C

19 G. How are most bacterial diseases treated? 19