NJMerge: A generic technique for scaling phylogeny estimation methods and its application to species trees

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1 NJMerge: A generic technique for scaling phylogeny estimation methods and its application to species trees Erin Molloy and Tandy Warnow {emolloy2, warnow}@illinois.edu University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign RECOMB-CG October 11, 2018 Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 1/58

2 Motivation Project to sequence the genomes of 10,000 vertebrate species Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 2/58

3 Motivation Project to sequence the genome of at least one individual from each of the 66,000 vertebrate species Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 3/58

4 Challenges Most accurate methods attempt to solve NP-Hard optimization problems (e.g., maximum likelihood). Solution space (of unrooted binary trees on N leaves) grows exponentially with N. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 4/58

5 Disk Covering Methods [e.g., Nakhleh et al., 2001; Nelesen et al., 2012; Bayzid et al., 2014] Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 5/58

6 Disk Covering Methods [e.g., Nakhleh et al., 2001; Nelesen et al., 2012; Bayzid et al., 2014] Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 6/58

7 Disk Covering Methods [e.g., Nakhleh et al., 2001; Nelesen et al., 2012; Bayzid et al., 2014] Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 7/58

8 Disk Covering Methods [e.g., Nakhleh et al., 2001; Nelesen et al., 2012; Bayzid et al., 2014] Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 8/58

9 Disk Covering Methods [e.g., Nakhleh et al., 2001; Nelesen et al., 2012; Bayzid et al., 2014] Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 9/58

10 Disk Covering Methods [e.g., Nakhleh et al., 2001; Nelesen et al., 2012; Bayzid et al., 2014] Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 10/58

11 Disk Covering Methods [e.g., Nakhleh et al., 2001; Nelesen et al., 2012; Bayzid et al., 2014] Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 11/58

12 Divide-and-Conquer Strategy using NJMerge Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 12/58

13 Divide-and-Conquer Strategy using NJMerge Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 13/58

14 Merged together = Compatibility Supertree Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 14/58

15 Merged together = Compatibility Supertree Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 15/58

16 Merged together = Compatibility Supertree Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 16/58

17 NJMerge is an extension of Neighbor Joining (NJ). [Saitou and Nei, 1987] NJ runs in O(N 3 ) time. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 17/58

18 Neighbor Joining [Saitou and Nei, 1987] Start with a set of nodes N corresponding to N leaves. Then Identify a siblinghood or pair of nodes, x and y. Remove nodes x and y from N. Add node (x, y) to N. Repeat until only one node. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 18/58

19 NJMerge NOTE: Distance matrix is additive for (((A, B), (C, D)), E, (F, (G, H))); Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 19/58

20 NJMerge Before accepting a siblinghood proposal, check whether it violates a constraint tree makes the set of constraint trees incompatible Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 20/58

21 NJMerge NOTE: Distance matrix is additive for (((A, B), (C, D)), E, (F, (G, H))); Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 21/58

22 NJMerge Determining the compatibility of a set of unrooted phylogenetic trees is NP-complete [Steel, 1992; Warnow, 1994]. NJMerge uses a polynomial-time heuristic. Update constraint trees based on siblinghood proposal (x, y). Test compatibility of the constraint trees with leaf (x, y) in polynomial time [Aho et al., 1981]. Not every constraint tree will contain leaf (x, y), so it is possible for NJMerge to fail. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 22/58

23 Is NJMerge an effective approach in theory? Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 23/58

24 Correctness Guarantee In preparation for journal extension Theorem Given constraint trees that agree with T and a distance matrix that is nearly additive 1 for T, NJMerge returns T. 1 An n n matrix M is nearly additive if each entry M[i, j] differs from the distance between leaf i and leaf j in T by less than one half of the shortest branch length in T. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 24/58

25 Statistical Consistency In preparation for journal extension Corollary NJMerge can be used in gene tree estimation pipelines that are statistically consistent under the GTR model of sequence evolution. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 25/58

26 Statistical Consistency In preparation for journal extension Corollary NJMerge can be used in species tree estimation pipelines that are statistically consistent under the Multi-Species Coalescent model. 2 2 Proof assumes both the number of genes and the number of sites per gene goes to infinity. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 26/58

27 Is NJMerge an effective approach in practice? Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 27/58

28 Species Tree Estimation Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 28/58

29 Gene tree matching the species tree Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 29/58

30 Gene tree differing from the species trees due to Incomplete Lineage Sorting (ILS) Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 30/58

31 Species Tree Estimation Pipelines Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 31/58

32 Species Tree Estimation Pipelines Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 32/58

33 Species Tree Estimation Pipelines Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 33/58

34 Species Tree Estimation Pipelines Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 34/58

35 Species Tree Estimation Pipelines Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 35/58

36 Species Tree Estimation Pipelines using NJMerge Distance Matrix 1) Estimate gene trees using FastTree-2 [Price et al., 2010]. 2) Compute average number of edges between pairs of species [e.g., Liu and Yu, 2011]. Constraint Trees ASTRAL-III Unpartitioned concatenation using RAxML Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 36/58

37 Evaluation Metrics Robinson-Foulds (RF) distance between the true and the estimated species trees Running time All methods limited to a single compute node with 16 cores 64 GB of physical memory 48 hours maximum wall-clock time Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 37/58

38 Running time T = ( T1 Method + + Tk Method ) + T NJMerge where k = number of subsets T Method i = time to compute tree on subset i for given method T NJMerge = time to run NJMerge Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 38/58

39 Case 1: ASTRAL-III [Mirarab et al., 2014; Mirarab and Warnow, 2015; Zhang et al., 2018] Uses dynamic programming to solve Maximum Quartet Consistency problem within a constrained search space Statistically consistent under the Multi-Species Coalescent model (assuming true gene trees) Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 39/58

40 Case 1: ASTRAL-III on 1000-taxon, 1000-gene datasets Moderate ILS Very High ILS Running Time (m) ASTRAL Method NJMerge+ASTRAL NOTE: ASTRAL did not complete within 48 hours on 4/20 datasets with high ILS. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 40/58

41 Case 1: ASTRAL-III on 1000-taxon, 1000-gene datasets Species Tree Error Moderate ILS ASTRAL Method Very High ILS NJMerge+ASTRAL NOTE: ASTRAL did not complete within 48 hours on 4/20 datasets with high ILS. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 41/58

42 Case 2: RAxML [Stamatakis, 2014] Uses heuristics to search for tree with best likelihood score Not statistically consistent under the Multi-Species Coalescent model [Roch and Steel, 2015] Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 42/58

43 Case 2: RAxML 100 species, 1000 introns 1000 species, 1000 introns Running Time (m) Moderate Very High Moderate Very High RAxML Level of ILS NJMerge+RAxML NOTE: Bar graphs show all datasets on which at least one method completed. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 43/58

44 Case 2: RAxML on 1000-taxon, 1000-gene datasets RAxML ran on 0/20 datasets with moderate ILS and 1/20 with high ILS due to Out of Memory errors. For the one dataset on which RAxML could run, RAxML did not complete within 48 hours. In contrast, NJMerge+RAxML completed on 40/40 of these datasets in less than 30 hours (often in less than 17 hours). Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 44/58

45 Case 2: RAxML Species Tree Error species, 1000 introns 1000 species, 1000 introns Moderate Very High Moderate Very High RAxML Level of ILS NJMerge+RAxML NOTE: Box plots show all datasets on which at least one method completed. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 45/58

46 Conclusions NJMerge runs in polynomial time can be used to build statistically consistent divide-and-conquer pipelines enabled ASTRAL-III and RAxML to analyze 1000-taxon datasets using a single compute node with 16 cores 64 GB of physical memory 48 hours maximum wall-clock time never failed on 1000-taxon datasets; failed on less than 1% of all datasets tested Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 46/58

47 Funding This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE ) Blue Waters Sustained-Petascale Computing Project (OCI and ACI ) Graph-Theoretic Algorithms to Improve Phylogenomic Analyses (CCF ) and the Ira & Debra Cohen Graduate Fellowship in Computer Science. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 47/58

48 Which species tree method should I use? on 1000-taxon, 1000-gene datasets Species Tree Error Moderate ILS Very High ILS Method NJMerge+ASTRAL NJMerge+RAxML NJMerge+SVDquartets NJst Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 48/58

49 How does the estimated distance matrix impact NJMerge? 100 taxa, Moderate ILS 100 taxa, Very High ILS 0.30 Species Tree Error Number of Genes NJst NJMerge+True Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 49/58

50 References Nakhleh et al. (2001). Designing fast converging phylogenetic methods. Bioinformatics 17(Suppl. 1):S190 S198. Nelesen et al. (2012). DACTAL: Divide-And-Conquer Trees (almost) without Alignments. Bioinformatics 28(12):i274 i282. Bayzid et al. (2014). Disk Covering Methods Improve Phylogenomic Analyses. BMC Genomics15(Suppl 6): S7. Jiang et al. (2001). A polynomial time approximation scheme for inferring evolutationay trees from quartet topologies and its application. SIAM Journal on Computing 30(6): Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 50/58

51 References Bansal et al. (2010). Robinson-Foulds Supertrees. Algorithms for Molecular Biology 5(1). Saitou and Nei. (1987). The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4: Steel. (1992). The complexity of reconstructing trees from qualitative characters and subtrees. Journal of Classification 9: Warnow (1994). Tree compatibility and inferring evolutionary history. Journal of Algorithms, 16(3): Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 51/58

52 References Agho et al. (1981). Inferring a Tree from Lowest Common Ancestors with an Application to the Optimization of Relational Expressions. SIAM Journal on Computing, 10(3): Atteson. (1999). The Performance of Neighbor-Joining Methods of Phylogenetic Reconstruction. Algorithmica, 25(2-3): Price et al. (2010). FastTree 2 Approximately Maximum Likelihood Trees for Large Alignments. PLoS ONE 5(3):1 10. Liu and Yu. (2011). Estimating Species Trees from Unrooted Gene Trees. Systematic Biology, 60(5): Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 52/58

53 References Mirarab et al. (2015). PASTA: Ultra-Large Multiple Sequence Alignment for Nucleotide and Amino-Acid Sequences. Journal of Computational Biology 22(5): Mirarab et al. (2014) ASTRAL: genome-scale coalescent-based species tree estimation. Bioinformatics, 30(17):i541 i548. Mirarab and Warnow. (2015). ASTRAL-II: coalescent-based species tree estimation with many hundreds of taxa and thousands of genes. Bioinformatics, 31(12):i44 i52. Zhang et al. (2017). ASTRAL-III: Increased Scalability and Impacts of Contracting Low Support Branches. In Meidanis and Nakhleh, editors, Comparative Genomics. RECOMB- CG Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume Springer, Cham. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 53/58

54 References Stamatakis. (2014). RAxML Version 8: A tool for Phylogenetic Analysis and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics, 30(9). Roch and Steel. (2015). Likelihood-based tree reconstruction on a concatenation of aligned sequence data sets can be statistically inconsistent. Theoretical Population Biology 100C: Chifman and Kubatko. (2014). Quartet Inference from SNP Data Under the Coalescent Model. Bioinformatics, 30(23): Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 54/58

55 Correctness Guarantee In preparation for journal extension Proof. NJ applied to a nearly additive distance matrix for T will return T [Atteson, 1999]. Because all trees in T agree with T, the siblinghood proposals indicated by NJ will never violate a constraint tree, so NJMerge will simply operate as traditional NJ and return T. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 55/58

56 Species Tree Estimation Pipelines using NJMerge Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 56/58

57 Simulated Datasets Dataset Size 100 and 1000 species 1000 genes varying in length from 300 to 1500 bp Level of Incomplete Lineage Sorting (ILS) Moderate: 8-10% AD Very high: 68-69% AD where AD is the Average (RF) Distance between the true species tree and the tree gene trees. Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 57/58

58 ASTRAL [Mirarab et al., 2014; Mirarab and Warnow, 2015; Zhang et al., 2018] Uses dynamic programming to solve the Maximum Quartet Consistency Problem problem within a constrained search space X Runs in O(nm X ) n is the number of species m is the number of genes For ASTRAL-III X = O(nm) Runs in O((nm) ) Molloy & Warnow NJMerge 58/58

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