Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

2 Objectives: You will Identify common themes in the organization of biology Distinguish evolutionary theory as the core of all adaptations Understand and incorporate the scientific method Incorporate biology into everyday aspects of life

3 Figure What are some of the snowy owls adaptations to allow it to live in frozen ecosystems?

4 THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY

5 Biological Properties

6 Figure Order

7 Figure Reproduction

8 Figure Growth and development

9 Figure Energy processing

10 Figure Regulation

11 Figure Response to the environment

12 Figure Evolutionary adaptation

13 Figure (1) Order (2) Reproduction (3) Growth and development (4) Energy processing (5) Regulation (6) Response to the environment (7) Evolutionary adaptation

14 Figure Name one adaptation that corresponds to each of the above themes.

15 Video: Sea Horses

16 1.2 Life s hierarchy of organization Biological organization unfolds as follows:

17 Figure Biosphere Florida Ecosystem Florida Everglades Community All organisms in this wetland ecosystem Population All alligators living in the wetlands Organism an American alligator

18 Figure Organism an American alligator Nerve Spinal cord Organ system Nervous system Brain Organ Brain Tissue Nervous tissue Atom Cell Nerve cell Nucleus Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA

19 Figure Biosphere Florida Ecosystem Florida Everglades Community All organisms in this wetland ecosystem Population All alligators living in the wetlands Organism an American alligator Nerve Spinal cord Organ system Nervous system Brain Organ Brain Tissue Nervous tissue Cell Nerve cell Nucleus Atom Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA

20 Cells/Organs in Root Tissue

21 Figure Atom Molecule: DNA

22 1.2 Emergent properties arise in each step upward from the arrangement and interactions among component parts. Examples:

23 Figure 1.3 Eukaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Prokaryotic cell Organelles Nucleus (membraneenclosed) DNA (throughout nucleus)

24 Figure ENERGY FLOW Sun Inflow of light energy Outflow of heat Producers (plants) Consumers (animals) Leaves take up CO 2 from air; roots absorb H 2 O and minerals from soil Chemical energy in food Decomposers such as worms, fungi, and bacteria return chemicals to soil

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26 Review 1. Describe seven properties common to all life. 2. Describe the levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships between levels. 3. Define the concept of emergent properties and describe an example of it. 4. Explain why cells are a special level in biological organization. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 5. Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy in an ecosystem.

27 Grow Boxes Let s Go Pull Weeds!

28 EVOLUTION, THE CORE THEME OF BIOLOGY

29 Objectives: You will Identify common themes in the organization of biology Distinguish evolutionary theory as the core of all adaptations Understand and incorporate the scientific method Incorporate biology into everyday aspects of life

30 1.5 DNA and a common genetic code All cells have DNA Genes unit of inheritance, grouped into chromosomes, and control activities of a cell.

31 Figure Nucleus DNA Cell C G C G G C G C T A A T C G A T A C G T A T C G G C C A T G A T T A

32 1.6 Diversity Biologists have identified about 1.8 million species. Estimates of the actual number of species range from 10 million to over 100 million.

33 Figure Domain Bacteria Bacteria

34 Figure Domain Archaea Archaea

35 Figure Domain Eukarya Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

36 Figure Protists (multiple kingdoms)

37 Figure Kingdom Plantae

38 Figure Kingdom Fungi

39 Figure Kingdom Animalia

40 1.7 Evolution explains unity and diversity Evolution is the process of change that transformed life to the diversity of organisms living today. life evolving for billions of years and

41 Figure 1.7a Excavation of fossilized mammoth bones

42 1.7 Evolution In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1. Species living today descended from ancestral species descent with modification. 2. Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution.

43 Video: Galápagos Island Overview

44 Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana

45 Video: Galápagos Sea Lion

46 Video: Galápagos Tortoise

47 Figure 1.7b

48 Figure 1.UN03 Observations Heritable variations Overproduction of offspring Inferences Natural selection: Unequal reproductive success leads to evolution of adaptations in populations.

49 Variation in a population

50 Figure 1.UN03 Observations Heritable variations Overproduction of offspring Inferences Natural selection: Unequal reproductive success leads to evolution of adaptations in populations.

51 Overproduction of offspring

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54 Figure 1.UN03 Observations Heritable variations Overproduction of offspring Inferences Natural selection: Unequal reproductive success leads to evolution of adaptations in populations.

55 Figure 1.7c-0 Name similarities and differences

56 How does this relate to the birds?

57 Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual

58 Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual

59 Video: Soaring Hawk

60 Figure 1.7d-1 1 Population with varied inherited traits.

61 Figure 1.7d-2 1 Population with varied inherited traits. 2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits and reproduction of survivors.

62 Figure 1.7d-3 1 Population with varied inherited traits. 2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits and reproduction of survivors. 3 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success.

63 Concept Check Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. For the most part, natural selection acts as a filtering agent at the level of life s hierarchy. a) community b) population c) individual d) organ

64 Answer Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. For the most part, natural selection acts as a filtering agent at the level of life s hierarchy. a) community b) population individual organ

65 Figure 1.7e-0 Deinotherium Mammut Platybelodon Stegodon Mammuthus Elephas maximus (Asia) Loxodonta africana (Africa) Millions of years ago Years ago Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa)

66 You should now be able to 6. Explain how DNA encodes a cell s information. 7. Compare the three domains of life. 8. Describe the process and products of natural selection.

67 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

68 Objectives: You will Identify common themes in the organization of biology Distinguish evolutionary theory as the core of all adaptations Understand and incorporate the scientific method Incorporate biology into everyday aspects of life

69 1.8 Scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses Science is a way of knowing. Science is based upon inquiry,

70 Qualitative data is descriptive. 2. Quantitative data includes numerical measurements.

71 Inductive reasoning makes generalizations from many observations. 2. Deductive reasoning flows from general premises to specific results.

72 You should now be able to 6. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data. 7. Compare the definitions and use of inductive and deductive reasoning in scientific investigations. 8. Distinguish between a scientific theory and a hypothesis.

73 1.8 Hypotheses. A testable explanation for a set of observations

74 1.8 A scientific theory is the accepted explanation of a scientific phenomenon Name some scientific theories:

75 Interpreting Data: Background Information Living organisms may vary in their skin or coat color depending on where they occur. In the experiment shown below, mice living in beach populations have lighter colored coats and live in sparsely-vegetated dunes. Inland mice, in contrast, live in areas with darker soil and denser vegetation and also are darker in color. Researchers used plastic models of mice painted in both dark and light colors placed in both environments to test the hypothesis that if camouflage coloration protects mice from predators, then mice with coloration that did not match their habitat would be preyed upon more heavily than native mice that were well matched for their habitat.

76 1.9 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses using controlled field studies What is the Hypothesis? Control Variable? Manipulated Variable?

77 Table 1.9

78 Interpreting Data In the mouse experiment, both dark and light colored mouse models were placed in each of the two environments (beach and inland) and predation was measured on camouflaged and noncamouflaged mice. In this experiment, what serves as the control(s)? a) The white mice in beach populations b) The white mice in inland populations c) The dark mice in inland populations d) Both a and c e) Both b and c

79 Answer In this experiment, both dark and light colored mouse models were placed in each of the two environments (beach and inland) and predation was measured on camouflaged and non-camouflaged mice. In this experiment, what serves as the control(s)?hite mice in beach populations c) Both a and c a) Both a and c b) Both b and c

80 Interpreting Data The results of the experiment are shown in the table to the right. For this experiment, in the beach habitat, what are the non-camouflaged models? a) Dark-colored mice on the beach b) Dark-colored mice in inland habitats c) Light colored mice on the beach d) Light colored mice in inland habitats

81 Answer The results of the experiment are shown in the table to the right. For this experiment, in the beach habitat, what are the non-camouflaged models? a) Dark-colored mice on the beach d) Light colored mice in inland habitats

82 Interpreting Data Is the hypothesis that if camouflage coloration protects mice from predation, then mice with coloration that did not match their habitat would be preyed upon more heavily than the native mice in that habitat supported? a) Yes, the hypothesis is supported b) No, the hypothesis is not supported. c) There is not enough information to determine whether the hypothesis was supported

83 Answer Is the hypothesis that if camouflage coloration protects mice from predation, then mice with coloration that did not match their habitat would be preyed upon more heavily than the native mice in that habitat supported? a) Yes, the hypothesis is supported b) No, the hypothesis is not supported. c) There is not enough information to determine whether the hypothesis was supported

84 BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE

85 Objectives: You will Identify common themes in the organization of biology Distinguish evolutionary theory as the core of all adaptations Understand and incorporate the scientific method Incorporate biology into everyday aspects of life

86 1.10 Evolution is connected to our everyday lives Artificial selection move productive crops, better livestock, and pets that bear little resemblance to their wild ancestors. GMO

87 Figure 1.10 Researcher working with transgenic rice

88 Biology and Society Even a cursory glance at the news media reveals that scientific progress is an essential part of modern society. Still, many people are very skeptical of science. Do you think that an informed citizen needs a firm foundation of understanding of science to effectively participate in a representative society? Strongly A B C D E Strongly Disagree Agree

89 Biology and Society Do you think that scientists should take a more active role in helping society to understand and apply their findings? Strongly A B C D E Strongly Disagree Agree

90 1.10 Unintentionally cause antibiotic-resistant bacteria, pesticide-resistant pests, and the loss of species through habitat loss and global climate change.

91 Science vs. Technology Science: understanding Technology: specific purpose What are some examples?

92 You should now be able to 12. Describe the structure of a controlled experiment and give an example. 13. Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all humans. 14. Compare the goals of science and technology. Explain why an understanding of science is essential to our lives.

93 Figure 1.UN04 Biology is the study of (a) has changed through the process of (c) (b) mechanism is depends on accounts for DNA (genetic code) accounts for leads to codes for is evidence of diversity of life (d) seen in seen in variations in seen in (e) cells as basic units of life common properties of living organisms

94 Average time to complete maze (min) Figure 1.UN05 Applying the concepts, question No reward Food reward Day

95 Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life Clicker Questions for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN Updated by Shannon Datwyler

96 Concept Check Which of the following levels of life s hierarchy is not appropriate when referring to two of life s domains, Archaea and Bacteria? a) the population level b) the organism level c) the organ level d) the molecular level

97 Answer Which of the following levels of life s hierarchy is not appropriate when referring to two of life s domains, Archaea and Bacteria? a) the population level b) the organism level c) the organ level d) the molecular level

98 Concept Check Not all scientific discoveries are reached through the scientific method. Which of the following would best be described as discovery science? a) sequencing the human genome b) describing a new bird species from the Philippines c) a project to find preserved specimens of the probably extinct Rocky Mountain locust frozen in glaciers d) all of the above

99 Answer Not all scientific discoveries are reached through the scientific method. Which of the following would best be described as discovery science? a) sequencing the human genome b) describing a new bird species from the Philippines c) a project to find preserved specimens of the probably extinct Rocky Mountain locust frozen in glaciers d) all of the above

100 Biology and Society For some, religion and science seem to be at odds. Others feel that religion and science are two powerful but separate ways of human understanding. Most importantly these people do not feel that science and religion are in conflict. Do you think that an individual can hold devout religious beliefs, while at the same time support scientific understanding? Strongly A B C D E Strongly Disagree Agree