Honors Biology Final Exam Highlights First Semester Final Review, 200 Multiple Choice Questions, 200 Points

Transcription

1 Honors Biology Final Exam Highlights Name First Semester Final Review, 200 Multiple Choice Questions, 200 Points Chapter 1 the Science of Life Characteristics of life Levels of organization Themes of biology-homeostasis, metabolism, cell division and development, reproduction 6 kingdoms Steps of the scientific method Experimental group, control group, independent variable, dependent variable. Quantitative data Autotroph/heterotroph Using a microscope Light microscope/electron microscope Figures 1-2, 1-5, 1-13 Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Structure of an atom Isotopes Types of bonds States of matter Reactants and products Reduction/oxidation reactions Activation energy Polarity Hydrogen bonds Acids, bases and buffers Atoms, molecules, and elements Energy levels Catalysts and enzymes Aqueous solution Figures 2-1, 2-7, 2-8, 2-14 Chapter 3 Biochemistry Organic/inorganic Organic macromolecules- examples ATP Monosaccharides Storage of glucose in animals and plants Monomers Amino acids, peptide bonds Polar/nonpolar Condensation/hydrolysis Fatty acids, phospholipids nucleic acids, DNA & RNA Figures 3-1, 3-5, 3-6, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10,

2 Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Cell theory Structure of cells Function of cell parts Surface area/ volume Cellular organization (cells, tissues ) Cilia and flagella Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes Structure and function of the plasma membrane Animal vs. plant cell Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Virchow, Schwann, Schleiden Figures 4-11, 4-17, 4-21 Chapter 5 Homeostasis and Cell Transport Concentration gradients Passive transport Sodium-potassium pumps contractile vacuoles Plasmolysis/cytolysis Active transport Hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic Osmosis and diffusion Facilitated diffusion Endocytosis/exocytosis Figure 5-1, 5-6, 5-7, 5-8 Chapter 6 Photosynthesis Autotroph Products of the light reaction Calvin cycle- reactants and products Photosystem I and II Environmental factors affecting rates of photosynthesis Chlorophyll and accessory pigments Photons Role of NADPH Splitting of water Structure of a chloroplast Electron transport chain Formula for photosynthesis Figure 6-2, 6-3, 6-5, 6-6, 6-7, 6-8, 6-9, 6-11,

3 Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Aerobic respiration NADH and FADH2 Efficiency of aerobic respiration and glycolysis Structure of mitochondria Fermentation, lactic acid and ethyl alcohol Kreb s cycle Electron transport chain Formula for cellular respiration Importance of oxygen Figures 7-2, 7-10, 7-11 Chapter 8 Cell reproduction Chromosomes, chromatin Histones Sex chromosomes Autosomes Homologous chromosomes Diploid/haploid Gametes Tetrads and synapsis Binary fission Cytokinesis Crossing over Cell plate Cell cycle Phases of mitosis DNA in prokaryotes Stages of meiosis Spermatogenesis/Oogenesis Karyotypes Figures 8-1, 8-5, 8-6, 8-11, 8-12, 8-14 Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Genetics Heterozygous/homozygous Ratios Mendel s Laws P, F1, F2 generations Phenotypes and genotypes Pollination Monohybrid cross Punnett squares Incomplete dominance Codominance 3

4 Chapter 10 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Griffith Transformation Avery Hershey and Chase Gene Types of RNA Translation, transcription and replication Base pairing rules /Chargaff s rules Structure of DNA and nucleotides Franklin and Wilkins Chargaff Watson and Crick Be able to read the genetic code Codons, anticodons Helicases, DNA and RNA Polymerases Mutations genome Figures 10-2, 10-3, 10-6, 10-8, 10-10, Table 10-1 Chapter 11 gene Expression Gene expression Introns and exons Carcinogens Metastasis oncogenes and protooncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Figures 11-3, 11-7 Chapter 12 Inheritance Patterns and Human Genetics Thomas Hunt Morgan Sex determination Genes on the same chromosomes Germ cells/somatic cells Amniocentesis, CVS Sex linked/ sex influence Chromosome map Mutations Pedigrees Carriers Multiple alleles/blood types Polygenic traits Codominant Nondisjunction/trisomy Point mutation/frame shift mutations Figures 12-4, 12-8, Table

5 Chapter 13 DNA technology VNTR Recombinant DNA DNA fingerprinting Gel electrophoresis Human genome Project Gene therapy Sticky ends Plasmids PCR Genome Ethical and safety issues Cloning vectors Cloning Figures 13-1, 13-2, 13-6, Chapter 14 Origin of Life Work of Urey and Miller Microspheres First life forms Role of ozone Autotrophy- chemosynthesis/photosynthesis Spontaneous generation Redi Pasteur Age of Earth Radiometric dating Half-life and radioisotopes Oparin RNA as first genetic material Endosymbiosis Ozone Figures 14-4, 14-6, Chapter 15 Evolution: Evidence and Theory Fossil formation Darwin s work Descent with modification Natural selection Competition for resources Homologous/analogous structures Vestigial structures Biological molecules Malthus Lyell Lamarck 5

6 Coevolution Wallace Superposition Transitional species convergent/divergent Adaptive radiation Figures 15-4, 15-7, 15-8 Chapter 16 The Evolution of Populations and Speciation Hardy-Weinberg principle Genetic drift Gene flow Directional, Disruptive, and Stabilizing selection Prezygotic and postzygotic isolation Geographic isolation Speciation Gradualism Punctuated equilibrium Gene pool Sexual selection Figures 16-1, 16-5, 16-8,