Lecture Outline. Defining life by properties of being alive (7)

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1 Lecture Outline Defining life by properties of being alive (7) Order of structural hierarchy levels of the living world Ascending/up & descending/down emergent properties Unifying themes Form and function Cell Theory & types of cells Genetic material- DNA Scientific Method and approaches

2 Properties of Living Organisms (1) Order (3) Growth and development (4) Energy processing (2) Reproduction (6) Regulation (5) Interact with the environment (7) Evolutionary adaptation

3 Properties of Living Organisms Order Reproduction Growth and development Energy processing or transformation Interaction with environment Regulation of internal conditions Homeostasis Evolutionary adaptation Ordered organization of the living world o Levels of structural hierarchy o ascending vs. descendingo emergent properties

4 Levels of Order in the Living World Organized into structural hierarchical levels Ascending vs. Descending Each level builds on the level below it Interaction between components of each level of the structural hierarchy leads to the emergence of new properties

5 Ascending Descending Non-living Viruses: organized structure of biomolecules Living Atoms/Elements Molecules Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere Chemical world Biological World

6 Figure 1.2_1 Biosphere Madagascar Ecosystem: Forest in Madagascar Community: All organisms in the forest Population: Group of ring-tailed lemurs Organism: Ring-tailed lemur

7 Figure 1.2_2 Organism: Ring-tailed lemur Organ system: Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Organ: Brain Nerve Tissue: Nervous tissue Atom Cell: Nerve cell Nucleus Organelle: Nucleus Molecule: DNA

8 Emergent Properties Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts

9 Regulation of internal conditions- Homeostasis Biological processes are self-regulating by feedback mechanisms 1. Negative feedback 2. Positive feedback

10 Living organisms interact with their environment transforming energy Decomposers

11 Living organisms interact with their environment transforming energy Ecosystem O 2 O 2 Sunlight Producers (such as plants) Chemical energy (food) Consumers (such as animals) Heat CO 2 CO 2 Water and minerals taken up by tree roots Cycling of chemical nutrients Decomposers (in soil)

12 Figure 1.4 Ecosystem O 2 O 2 Sunlight Producers (such as plants) Chemical energy (food) Consumers (such as animals) Heat CO 2 CO 2 Water and minerals taken up by tree roots Cycling of chemical nutrients Decomposers (in soil)

13 Growth & Development Nuclei containing DNA Sperm cell Unspecialized cells Different specialized cells Egg cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyro s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents

14 Evolutionary Adaptation of populations Populations: groups of organisms belonging to the same species Populations Genetic diversity Under influence of external factors Differential reproductive success (Natural Selection) Populations adapt to their surrounding and evolve

15 Biological Themes Form/structure and Function The Cell Theory & Types of cells Genetic Material- DNA

16 Structure or form fits function at all levels of the biological organization

17 Biological Themes/ The cell Theory A cell is the basic unit of biological structure and function All cells arise from preexisting cells

Two Types of cells on earth differ in size and complexity Prokaryotic cells: DNA is not surrounded by a membrane Eukaryotic cells: membrane-enclosed organelles, including a

18 Two Types of cells on earth differ in size and complexity Prokaryotic cells: DNA is not surrounded by a membrane Eukaryotic cells: membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus Eukaryotic cell Membrane Cytoplasm DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Prokaryotic cell Nucleus (membraneenclosed) Membrane- DNA (throughout enclosed organelles nucleus) 1 µm

19 Genetic Material/DNA - DNA directs all cell s activities - Genetic information must be duplicated before any cell divides DNA Cell Nucleus DNA Nucleotide A C T A T A C C G T A G T A

20 Analogy Electronic information Genetic information recognized by Player recognized by Cell machinery Music is produced Protein is produced

21 Wrap-up Defining life by properties of being alive (7) Order of structural hierarchy levels of the living world Ascending/up & descending/down emergent properties Unifying themes Form and function Cell Theory & types of cells Genetic material- DNA Scientific Method and approaches (Lab)

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