Protozoans. BIO2135 Animal Form & Function. Protozoans. Page 1. Protist origins: Endosymbiont theory. Endosymbiosis. Origin of the nuclear envelope

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1 Protozoans Protist origins: Endosymbiont theory Endosymbiont theory accounts for uclear membranes Intracellular membranes and spaces Mitochondria (chloroplasts) 1 2 Origin of the nuclear envelope ytoplasm uclear region (ucleoid) Endoplasmic reticulum Endosymbiosis uclear material (ucleoid) Aerobic bacteria uclear envelope Photosythetic bacteria hloroplast Endoplasmic retic. uclear envelope Developing endomembranes Mitochondria 3 4 Origin of cellular motility ellular creeping entriole (entrosomes or basal bodies) 5 6 Page 1

2 Spindle fibers and chromosomes Microtubules and cytoskeleton 7 8 Molecular motors Kinesin/Dyenin motors Dyenin Kinesin Myosin 9 10 Origin of cellular motility Protist Supergroups 11 Unikonts Opisthokonta (Animalia and Fungi) Amoebozoa Bikonts hromalveolata (iliophora and Apicomplexa) Archaeplastida (Plantae) Excavata (Euglenozoa) Rhizaria 12 Page 2

3 Unikont and bikont protists Reclinomonas americana Alastair Simpson Things that animals do Maintain water and salt balance Obtain oxygen Remove metabolic wastes Obtain food Be able to move Sense and react to the environment Reproduce and perpetuate the species Things animals do gas and nitrogenous waste Advantages of small size Protozoans are mm in size. Size Surface Volume Surface/volume 0.5 mm , mm mm mm Things animals do metabolic wastes itrogenous wastes H 3 Things animals do Obtain food Phagocytosis and pinocytosis Ammonia Urea Uric acid Guanine H O O = H H H =O H H 2 O= O = H 2 H 2 H H Page 3

4 Things animals do Obtain food Digestion Lysosome Phagosome (Food vacuole) Things animals do obtain food Digestion ytoproct ytostome Enzymes Ingested food particle Phagolysosome (Food vacuole) Food vacuole Types of protozoan movement Pseudopods Undulipods ilia Flagella o movement Parasitic forms Undulipodia: Organization (Sliding microtubule hypothesis) Dyenin arms entral microtubules Peripheral microtubules Undulipods Dyenin Things that animals do - Reproduction Sexual reproduction Syngamy onjugation Asexual Binary fission Multiple fission Page 4

5 hoanozoa (Unikont: Opisthokonta) olonial choanoflagellates Unikont: Opisthokonta Flagella ollar Flagellar beat Protist Supergroups Planar beat Helicoid beat 27 Unikonts Opisthokonta (Animalia and Fungi) Amoebozoa Bikonts hromalveolata (iliophora and Apicomplexa) Archaeplastida (Plantae) Excavata (Euglenozoa) Rhizaria 28 Amoeba (Sarcomastigota: Amebozoa) Food Vacuoles Water expulsion vesicle Ectoplasm ucleus Endoplasm Pseudopodia Things animals do locomotion Pseudopod locomotion (Amebozoa) Ectoplasm Endoplasm Direction of movement Hyaline cap Page 5

6 Molecular motors Vorticella: Myonemes Alveolate: iliophora Dyenin Kinesin Myosin Olih00x Protist Supergroups Unikonts Opisthokonta (Animalia and Fungi) Amoebozoa Bikonts hromalveolata (iliophora and Apicomplexa) Archaeplastida (Plantae) Excavata (Euglenozoa) Rhizaria 33 Things animals do Obtain food ytoproct Paramecium (Alveolate: iliophora) Food Vacuole Oral Groove ytostome ytopharynx Pellicle Macronucleus Water expulsion vesicle (empty) Micronucleus 34 iliar movement: Metachronal wave Pellicle structure (Alveolate: iliophora) ilium Alveolus Kinetodesma Kinetosome Page 6

7 Pellicle structure ompound ciliature Undulating membranes Membranelles irrus Membranelle irrus Euplotes Alveolate: iliophora uclear organization Alveolate: iliophora Macronucleus Micronucleus onjugation - Alveolata: iliophora onjugates join at the oral area and the micronucleus undergoes meiosis onjugation (Alveolata: iliophora) 4 micronuclei are formed, Macronucleus remains Page 7

8 onjugation (Alveolata: iliophora) Micronuclei are exchanged Macronucleus remains onjugation (Alveolata: iliophora) Two micronuclei and macronucleus disappear onjugation Alveolata: iliophora Synkaryon forms from the fusion of micronuceli in each conjugant. Things that animals do - reproduction onjugation (Alveolata: iliophora) Three mitotic divisions produce 8 nuclei Things that animals do - reproduction onjugation (Alveolata: iliophora) 4 micronuclei become macronuclei, 3 disappear, and remaining become micronucleus. onjugation (Alveolata: iliophora) Mitotic divisions of micronuclei and macronucleus Page 8

9 Malaria human (Alveolata: Apicomplexa) Malaria human Oocysts beneath Alveolata: Apicomplexa stomach lining Sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands Sporogony Female gamete Male gamete Sporogony Ingestion of gametocytes Mosquito's saliva infects human Gametogony RBs Liver Gametogony RBs Liver Schizogony 49 Schizogony 50 Malaria human Alveolata: Apicomplexa Protist Supergroups Ingestion of gametocytes Macrogametocyte Microgametocyte Gametogony Sporogony RBs Trophozoite Merozoites Schizogony Sporozoites enter liver cells Liver Schizont 51 Unikonts Opisthokonta (Animalia and Fungi) Amoebozoa Bikonts hromalveolata (iliophora and Apicomplexa) Archaeplastida (Plantae) Excavata (Euglenozoa) Rhizaria 52 Things that animals do sense their environment Euglena (Discicristata: Euglenozoa) Flagellum Eyespot Paraflagellar body Water expulsion vesicle hloroplast ucleus ucleolus Pellicle Paramylon grains 53 Protist Supergroups Unikonts Opisthokonta (Animalia and Fungi) Amoebozoa Bikonts hromalveolata (iliophora and Apicomplexa) Archaeplastida (Plantae) Excavata (Euglenozoa) Rhizaria 54 Page 9

10 Protozoan skeletons: Tests Protozoan skeletons (Granuloreticulosea) alcium arbonate Granuloreticulosae Silica Rhizopods Things animals do salt and water balance Water expulsion vesicle (ontractile vacuoles) Full Endoplasmic reticulum Excretory pore Ampulla Feeder canal Empty 57 Page 10

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