Globalization-Something New?

Transcription

1 Globalization

2 Globalization-Something New? It s been a long time coming, but now it is happening furiously fast and that is part of the problem. So, to what is it? and why is it happening? we have to add: is the pace of globalization accelerating and the answer is a definite yes

3 Early Globalization

4 Key Elements: THEN

5 Key Elements--NOW

6 What are the Components? 1. Broad Category: Technology Instant, cheap Worldwide Communications cell phone, www(availability at the individual level) International (instant)financial and capital transfers Increased scale and frequency of air transport Container ships

7 Component 2 Broad Category: Information Instant dispersal of news by satellite TV, www, fax (but what news and whose?) Competition is worldwide, not local or national Very hard to keep a secret

8 Components 3 Broad Category: Culture Increasingly a global village, but a Western one watching the same TV, music videos, news, soaps. Rise of a global language. Why? Smaller cultures may feel threatened

9 Component 4 Broad Category: Environment and Health Global environmental problems (Ozone, global warming, sea-level change AIDS, Ebola,?? Global plunder of common pool resources ocean, forests..

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14 Component 5 Broad Category: Crime and Terrorism International crime, Russian Mafia Terrorists in caves in Afghanistan threaten lower Manhattan International crime does not play by the rules of states, and may be better organized than some, and own others.

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16 Component 6 A global population? The rich countries remain rich, and a declining proportion of world population The poor countries remain poor, and a rapidly expanding part of the worlds population (95% of the growth) Hence the pressure to move to the rich countries, legally or illegally

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18 The Information Revolution The Internet The WWW Instant Dispersal of News & Information The Rise of a Global Media Village? The Personalization of communications: the cell/mobile phone system, and its increasing capacity.

19 Information: Downside? But, what information is becoming global? But whose news is becoming global? What is this doing to cultures and communities? Does Globalization = Westernization =Americanization? Does it matter? Are we evolving a global language? What are the consequences of this?

20 Is This Globalization?

21 Who Manages Globalization? There is no world government, so who regulates and controls the process? Mostly UN agencies, but they require the compliance of all member states, and the UN does not make law. Do states ever put the global priority ahead of their own? Plus, we have rich, strong states, and poor weak ones.

22 The Real World and the Political World This Or This The big difference is, of course, that the one on the left will still be going in 2 billion years; the one on the right, well, don t put money on it.

23 Globalization The Really Scary Part Part 1 the Good Old Days Plague Famine

24 Globalization The Really Scary Part Part 2 Today AIDS SARS EBOLA? Melting Ice Sheets, Flooded Coasts, Global Warming? Terrorism

25 Scarier Still We have global crime financial, drugrelated etc., perhaps the largest single element in international trade A Man in a cave in Afghanistan can kill 3000 people in lower Manhattan International crime does not play by the rules of states or anyone else and may be better-equipped.

26 To Recap: Globalization Is Driven by Technology Is seen as threatening cultures because it is equated with Westernization Increases the pace at which everything happens: capital transfers, spread of disease, change of culture May be changing our global environment, but can states manage the globe? Who runs the world????

27 Early Earth and the Origin of Life

28 Some major episodes in the history of life.

29 Clock analogy for some key events in evolutionary history

30 1. The earth was formed ~4.5 billion years ago 2. It took ~500 million years for the crust to solidify. 3. The oldest fossils of microorganisms 3.5 billion years old, embedded in rocks in western Australia 3a. Prokaryotes dominated from 3.5 to 2 billion years ago. - During this time, the first divergence occurred: Bacteria and Archae

31 Early and modern prokaryotes

32 Fossilized evidence of bacteria Stromatolites are fossilized bacterial mats. Many fossils of prokaryotes are found in layers that make up the prokaryotic mats.

33 Bacterial mats and stromatolites

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37 4. Oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere about 2.7 billion years ago. a. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that are still present today produced oxygen.

38 Oxigen need

39 Banded iron formations are evidence of the age of oxygenic photosynthesis approximately 2 BYA in photo

40 5. The oldest eukaryotic fossils are ~2 billion years old. a. Symbiotic community of prokaryotes living within larger prokaryotes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts 6. The oldest fossils of multicellular organisms are ~1.2 billion years old.

41 Endosymbiosis theory (Lynn Margulis, 1970 s)

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43 Eukaryotic Origins A. Invagination of plasma membrane B. Endosymbiosis Symbiosis : An ecological relationship between organisms of 2 different species that live together in direct contact. How did this get started? prey or parasite

44 Evidence modern-day endosymbiotic relationships common among protists similarity between eubacteria & the chloroplasts & mitochondria of eukaryotes size inner membrane systems, enzymes, electron transport systems reproduction resembles binary fission circular DNA

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47 Note the presence of two types of cells (photosynthetic and hold fast) evidence of specialization of cells functions, that are important for development of multicellular organisms

48 7. The oldest animal fossils are ~700 million years old. a. Animal diversity exploded ~540 million years ago.

49 Fossilized animal embryos from Chinese sediments 570 million years ago.

50 8. Plants, fungi, and animals began colonizing land ~500 million years ago. a. First plants transformed the landscape b. Then animals were able to take advantage of new niches Mammals evolved 50 to 60 million years ago.

51 The Cambrian radiation of animals

52 B. The origin of life 1. First cells may have originated by chemical evolution involving 4 steps: a. Abiotic (Non-biological) synthesis of small organic molecules (monomers) C + H = organic molecule b. Monomers joined together to form polymers (proteins, nucleic acids) c. Origin of self-replicating molecules (inheritance of traits) proteins and polynucleic acids d. Packaging of these organic molecules into protobionts. Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules that maintain an internal chemical environment and exhibit some of the properties associated with life (i.e. metabolism, excitability).

53 2. Evidence that supports the four-stage hypothesis for the origin of life a. Oparin and Haldane in the 1920s Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is testable in the laboratory Hypothesis: Conditions on primitive earth favored chemical reactions that synthesized organic compounds from inorganic precursors. These conditions were different from what is now present and include: - Reducing environment (no oxygen, but instead H 2 O, CH 4, NH 4, and H 2 ) = lots of free electrons that could be used to reduce carbon and produce organic molecules. - Energy from lots of lightning, UV radiation (no O 2 to block UV rays from the sun) and volcanic activity (heat).

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56 b. Miller and Urey in 1953 i. Tested the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis by creating conditions in which there was an - Atmosphere above warmed sea water that contained H 2 O, H 2, CH 4, and NH 3 and - Electrodes that simulated lightning. - From this setup, they obtained organic compounds such as amino acids that were collected in cooled water.

57 The Miller- Urey experiment

58 The experiment - organic molecules could be created out of inorganic molecules. So.why don t we see this happening in today s world? Any organic molecules that are now formed would be used up by living organisms. If microorganisms were created from these organic molecules in the early earth s water bodies, this would have been an example of spontaneous creation! For much of history, man believed that living organisms could be created spontaneously from non-living material (e.g. flies from dead meat, geese from barnacles, etc.) This idea was refuted by Louis Pasteur in the 1860 s.

59 3. RNA was probably the first hereditary material a. Today, genetic information is usually stored as DNA, but some organisms such as viruses use RNA to store info.

60 Short polymers of ribonucleotides can be synthesized abiotically in the laboratory. If these polymers are added to a solution of ribonucleotide monomers, sequences up to 10 based long are copied from the template according to the base-pairing rules. If zinc is added, the copied sequences may reach 40 nucleotides with less than 1% error. Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig

61 Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that RNA sequences can evolve in abiotic conditions. RNA molecules have both a genotype (nucleotide sequence) and a phenotype (three dimensional shape) that interacts with surrounding molecules. Under particular conditions, some RNA sequences are more stable and replicate faster and with fewer errors than other sequences. Occasional copying errors create mutations and selection screens these mutations for the most stable or best at selfreplication.

62 RNA-directed protein synthesis may have begun as weak binding of specific amino acids to bases along RNA molecules, which functioned as simple templates holding a few amino acids together long enough for them to be linked. This is one function of rrna today in ribosomes. If RNA synthesized a short polypeptide that behaved as an enzyme helping RNA replication, then early chemical dynamics would include molecular cooperation as well Copyright as competition Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

63 4. The precursors of early life are known as Protobionts. a. Protobionts form spontaneously in lab experiments from mixtures of organic molecules. b. They contain RNA that codes for metabolic proteins. These protobionts absorb food and the proteins catalyze it to make energy which can be used for growth and division to daughter cells. c. Natural selection would favor protobionts that grow and replicate. When the organic molecules in the earth s water bodies were gone, the protobionts would evolve to either obtain energy by photosynthesis or predation. It would only take the creation and evolution of one (1) protobiont to give rise to the all the different organisms we see today.

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65 6. Natural section could refine protobionts containing hereditary information Once primitive RNA genes and their polypeptide products were packaged within a membrane, the protobionts could have evolved as units. Molecular cooperation could be refined because favorable components were concentrated together, rather than spread throughout the surroundings. Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig

66 This 4.5 billion-year-old rock, labeled meteorite ALH84001, is believed to have once been a part of Mars and to contain fossil evidence that primitive life may have existed on Mars more than 3.6 billion years ago. The rock is a portion of a meteorite that was dislodged from Mars by a huge impact about 16 million years ago and that fell to Earth in Antarctica 13,000 years ago. The meteorite was found in Allan Hills ice field, Antarctica, by an annual expedition of the National Science Foundation's Antarctic Meteorite Program in It is preserved at the Johnson Space Center's Meteorite Processing Laboratory in Houston.

67 c. Louis Pasteur in the 1860s i. Tested whether microorganisms emerge by spontaneous generation or by reproduction of existing microorganisms. - Microorganisms grew in open containers of sterilized broth.

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70 C. Major lineages of life 1. At first, two kingdoms were recognized Plants and Animals. 2. In 1969, Robert Whittaker developed a five-kingdom system Plants, Fungi, Animals, Protists, and Prokaryotes (Monera).

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73 Whittaker s fivekingdom system

74 Our changing view of biological diversity