Standards: A, C, E; A; A, B; B; B; C; A; B; A

Transcription

1 Unit: Tools, Techniques, Themes of Biology Standards: A, C, E; A; A, B; B; B; C; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the study of life? 2. What are common themes in biology? 3. What scientific processes are used in biology? 4. What technology is used in biology? 5. Why is biology important to you? Concept: 1. The earth contains much diversity of life 2. All organisms share common characteristics Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How are species related to the concept of biodiversity? 2. How do the characteristics of living things contribute to an organism s survival? Vocabulary: Biosphere, Biodiversity, Species, Biology, Organism, Cell, Metabolism, DNA 1

2 Unit: Tools, Techniques, Themes of Biology Standards: A, C, E; A; A, B; B; B; C; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the study of life? 2. What are common themes in biology? 3. What scientific processes are used in biology? 4. What technology is used in biology? 5. Why is biology important to you? Concept: 1. Different levels of life are made of systems of related parts 2. Structure determines function 3. Homeostasis must be maintained to survive in dynamic environments Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is a biological system? 2. How is structure related to function in living things? 3. Why is homeostasis important for life? 4. What is the relationship between adaptation and natural selection? Vocabulary: System, Ecosystem, Homeostasis, Evolution, Adaptation 2

3 Unit: Tools, Techniques, Themes of Biology Standards: A, C, E; A; A, B; B; B; C; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the study of life? 2. What are common themes in biology? 3. What scientific processes are used in biology? 4. What technology is used in biology? 5. Why is biology important to you? Concept: 1. Biology involves the process of inquiry 2. Experiments are used to test hypotheses 3. Theories explain a wide range of observations Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the purpose of a hypothesis in the process of inquiry? 2. What is the difference between independent and dependent variables? 3. How is the concept of theory in science different from the everyday use of the term? Vocabulary: Observation, Data, Hypothesis, Experiment, Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Control 3

4 Unit: Tools, Techniques, Themes of Biology Standards: B; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How are measurements expressed accurately? 2. How are calculated answers expressed accurately? 3. How s the international system of measurement used? Concept: 1. Use of measurement for common physical properties 2. Use of accuracy and precision for evaluating measurements 3. Compare SI units with common units Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the difference between accuracy and precision? 2. How are common physical properties measured? 3. What are metric units used in science? Vocabulary: Accuracy, Precision, Error, Mass Weight, Temperature, Volume, Length, Meter, Gram, Liter, Metric, Beaker, Graduated Cylinder 4

5 Unit: Tools, Techniques, Themes of Biology Standards: B; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How are measurements expressed accurately? 2. How are calculated answers expressed accurately? 3. How s the international system of measurement used? Concept: 1. Use of measurement for common physical properties 2. Use of accuracy and precision for evaluating measurements 3. Compare SI units with common units Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the difference between accuracy and precision? 2. How are common physical properties measured? 3. What are metric units used in science? Vocabulary: Accuracy, Precision, Error, Mass Weight, Temperature, Volume, Length, Meter, Gram, Liter, Metric, Beaker, Graduated Cylinder 5

6 Unit: Tools, Techniques, Themes of Biology Standards: B; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How are measurements expressed accurately? 2. How are calculated answers expressed accurately? 3. How s the international system of measurement used? Concept: 1. Imaging technologies give us new views of life 2. Computer models help us to understand complex systems 3. Molecular genetic tools have expanded the study of biology Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the differences between light microscopes and electron microscopes? 2. Why are computer middles used in biology? 3. How does molecular genetics help our understanding of genes? Vocabulary: Microscope, gene, Molecular Genetics, Genomics 6

7 Unit: Tools, Techniques, Themes of Biology Standards: B; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How are measurements expressed accurately? 2. How are calculated answers expressed accurately? 3. How s the international system of measurement used? Concept: 1. Our health and the environment s health depends on your knowledge of biology 2. Biotechnology can solve many problems but also raises many questions 3. Biology continues to give us unanswered questions Lesson Essential Questions: 1. Vocabulary: Biotechnology, Transgenic 7

8 Unit: Chemistry of Life Standards: C, E; B; A, B; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How are living things based on atoms, ions, and molecules? 2. What are the unique properties of water that allow life to exist? 3. How are the four groups of carbon based molecules used for life? 4. How are chemical reactions used in living things? 5. What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions? Concept: 1. Living things are made of atoms of different elements 2. Ions are formed by atoms gaining or losing electrons 3. Atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What makes one element different from another? 2. How are ionic compounds formed? 3. What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond? Vocabulary: Atom, Element, Compound, Ion, Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Molecule, Cell, Organism 8

9 Unit: Chemistry of Life Standards: C, E; B; A, B; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How are living things based on atoms, ions, and molecules? 2. What are the unique properties of water that allow life to exist? 3. How are the four groups of carbon based molecules used for life? 4. How are chemical reactions used in living things? 5. What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions? Concept: 1. Living things are made of atoms of different elements 2. Ions are formed by atoms gaining or losing electrons 3. Atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What makes one element different from another? 2. How are ionic compounds formed? 3. What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond? Vocabulary: Atom, Element, Compound, Ion, Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Molecule, Cell, Organism 9

10 Unit: Chemistry of Life Standards: C, E; B; A, B; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How are living things based on atoms, ions, and molecules? 2. What are the unique properties of water that allow life to exist? 3. How are the four groups of carbon based molecules used for life? 4. How are chemical reactions used in living things? 5. What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions? Concept: 1. Life depends on the hydrogen bonds in water 2. Many compounds in biology dissolve in water 3. Some compounds in biology form acids or bases Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How do polar molecules form hydrogen bonds? 2. Why do some compounds dissolve in water? 3. What are the similarities and differences between acids and bases? Vocabulary: Hydrogen Bond, Cohesion, Adhesion, Solution, Solvent, Solute, Acid, Base, ph, Ion, Molecule 10

11 Unit: Chemistry of Life Standards: C, E; B; A, B; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How are living things based on atoms, ions, and molecules? 2. What are the unique properties of water that allow life to exist? 3. How are the four groups of carbon based molecules used for life? 4. How are chemical reactions used in living things? 5. What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions? Concept: 1. Carbon atom have unique bonding properties 2. Living things are composed of four main types of carbon-based compounds Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the relationship between a monomer and a polymer? 2. What is the unique structure and function of the four groups of carbon-based compounds? Vocabulary: Monomer, Polymer, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Fatty Acid, Protein, Amino Acid, Nucleic Acid, Atom, Molecule, Covalent Bond 11

12 Unit: Chemistry of Life Standards: C, E; B; A, B; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How are living things based on atoms, ions, and molecules? 2. What are the unique properties of water that allow life to exist? 3. How are the four groups of carbon based molecules used for life? 4. How are chemical reactions used in living things? 5. What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions? Concept: 1. Chemical reactions involve forming and breaking bonds 2. Chemical reactions release oo absorb energy Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the reactant(s) and product(s) of a chemical reaction? 2. How do endothermic and exothermic reactions differ? Vocabulary: Chemical Reaction, Reactant, Product, Bond Energy, Equilibrium, Activation Energy, Exothermic, Endothermic, Atom, Molecule 12

13 Unit: Chemistry of Life Standards: C, E; B; A, B; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How are living things based on atoms, ions, and molecules? 2. What are the unique properties of water that allow life to exist? 3. How are the four groups of carbon based molecules used for life? 4. How are chemical reactions used in living things? 5. What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions? Concept: 1. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up chemical reactions by decreasing activation energy 2. Enzymes are affected by a variety of factors Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How does a catalyst affect chemical reactions? 2. How does an enzyme interact with its substrate during a chemical reaction? Vocabulary: Catalyst, Enzyme, Substrate, Chemical Reaction, Activation Energy, Protein, Hydrogen Bond 13

14 Unit: Cell Structure and Function Standards: A, E; A; A, B; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is cell theory? 2. What is the structure and function of eukaryote organelles? 3. What is the structure and function of the cell membrane? 4. What are the similarities and differences between diffusion and osmosis? 5. How does the cell use active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis to move substances into and out of the cell? Concept: 1. There is a long history of discoveries and inventions that led to the cell theory 2. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most internal structures of a eukaryote cell Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the similarities/differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cell? 2. How did the invention/improvements in the microscope help form the cell theory? Vocabulary: Cell Theory, Cytoplasm, Organelle, Prokaryote Cell, Eukaryote Cell 14

15 Unit: Cell Structure and Function Standards: A, E; A; A, B; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is cell theory? 2. What is the structure and function of eukaryote organelles? 3. What is the structure and function of the cell membrane? 4. What are the similarities and differences between diffusion and osmosis? 5. How does the cell use active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis to move substances into and out of the cell? Concept: 1. Eukaryote cells have a complex internal structure 2. Some organelles work together to make proteins 3. Other organelles have distinct, separate functions 4. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? 2. How is the structure of the nucleus unique? 3. What is the structure and function of the nucleus? 4. What is the function of the cell wall? Vocabulary: Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosome, Golgi Apparatus, Vesicle, Mitochondrion, Vacuole, Lysosome, Centriole, Cell Wall, Chloroplast 15

16 Unit: Cell Structure and Function Standards: A, E; A; A, B; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is cell theory? 2. What is the structure and function of eukaryote organelles? 3. What is the structure and function of the cell membrane? 4. What are the similarities and differences between diffusion and osmosis? 5. How does the cell use active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis to move substances into and out of the cell? Concept: 1. Cell membrane is composed of a phospholipids bilayer 2. The cell membrane communicates with the environment by using chemical signals Lesson Essential Questions: 1. Why do phospholipids for 2 layers? 2. How do membrane receptors send messages across the cell membrane? Vocabulary: Cell Membrane, Phospholipid, Fluid Mosaic Model, Selective Permeability, Receptor 16

17 Unit: Cell Structure and Function Standards: A, E; A; A, B; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is cell theory? 2. What is the structure and function of eukaryote organelles? 3. What is the structure and function of the cell membrane? 4. What are the similarities and differences between diffusion and osmosis? 5. How does the cell use active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis to move substances into and out of the cell? Concept: 1. Osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion are types of passive transport 2. Some molecules must diffuse using transport proteins Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is a concentration gradient? 2. Why is facilitated diffusion considered passive transport? Vocabulary: Passive Transport, Diffusion, Concentration Gradient, Osmosis, Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Facilitated Diffusion, Fluid Mosaic Model, Dynamic Equilibrium 17

18 Unit: Cell Structure and Function Standards: A, E; A; A, B; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is cell theory? 2. What is the structure and function of eukaryote organelles? 3. What is the structure and function of the cell membrane? 4. What are the similarities and differences between diffusion and osmosis? 5. How does the cell use active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis to move substances into and out of the cell? Concept: 1. Some transport proteins can move molecules against the concentration gradient 2. Endo- and Exocytosis use vesicles to transport substances into and out of a cell Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the differences between transport proteins that are pumps and those that are channels? 2. What are the similarities and differences between diffusion and endo-, exocytsis? Vocabulary: Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Phagocytosis 18

19 Unit: Cell and Energy Standards: A, C, E; A; A, B; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. Why do cells need chemical energy? 2. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? 3. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? 4. How is fermentation similar and different to cellular respiration? Concept: 1. ATP is the primary energy molecule for cell activities 2. Carbon-based (organic) molecules fuel the process of ATP production 3. Some organism generate energy without photosynthesis and sunlight Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the relationship between ATP and ADP? 2. Which molecules are broken down to make ATP? 3. How do some organisms survive without using sunlight or photosynthesis? Vocabulary: ATP, ADP, Chemosynthesis, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein 19

20 Unit: Cell and Energy Standards: A, C, E; A; A, B; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. Why do cells need chemical energy? 2. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? 3. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? 4. How is fermentation similar and different to cellular respiration? Concept: 1. Photosynthetic organisms are considered producers 2. The process of photosynthesis in plants occurs in the chloroplast Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the function of chlorophyll and chloroplasts in photosynthesis? 2. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? 3. Where do the reactions take place in the chloroplast? Vocabulary: Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll, Thylakoid, Stroma, Light-Dependent-Reaction, Chemical Reactions, Light-Independent-Reaction, Carbohydrate, Enzyme, Chloroplast, Calvin Cycle, Reactants, Product 20

21 Unit: Cell and Energy Standards: A, C, E; A; A, B; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. Why do cells need chemical energy? 2. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? 3. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? 4. How is fermentation similar and different to cellular respiration? Concept: 1. ATP is made during cellular respiration by breaking down sugars 2. Cellular respiration is the opposite process of photosynthesis Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the relationship between cellular respiration and glycolysis? 2. What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration? 3. Where do the reactions of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria? Vocabulary: Cellular Respiration, Aerobic, Anaerobic, Glycolysis, Matrix, Mitochondria, ATP, Reactant, Product 21

22 Unit: Cell and Energy Standards: A, C, E; A; A, B; A; B; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. Why do cells need chemical energy? 2. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? 3. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? 4. How is fermentation similar and different to cellular respiration? Concept: 1. Glycolysis is the first event of cellular respiration 2. Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen 3. The products of fermentation are important to humans Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the relationship between glycolysis and fermentation? 2. What are the reactants and products of fermentation? Vocabulary: Alcoholic Fermentation, Lactic Acid Fermentation, ATP, Glycolysis, Cellular Respiration, Aerobic, Anaerobic, Reactant, Product 22

23 Unit: Cell Growth and Reproduction Standards: A, E; A; A, B; C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What are the phases of growth and reproduction in cells? 2. What are the main events of mitosis and cytokinesis? 3. What is the importance of cell cycle reproduction? 4. How is cell division used by some organisms to perform asexual reproduction? 5. What is the role of cell division in multi-cellular organisms? Concept: 1. There are four main stages of the cell cycle 2. Cells divide at different rates 3. There are limitations to cell size Lesson Essential Questions: 1. When is DNA copied during the cell cycle? 2. Which stages of the cell cycle require about the same amounts of time in all human cells? 3. What limits the maximum size of a cell? Vocabulary: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Cytokinesis 23

24 Unit: Cell Growth and Reproduction Standards: A, E; A; A, B; C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What are the phases of growth and reproduction in cells? 2. What are the main events of mitosis and cytokinesis? 3. What is the importance of cell cycle reproduction? 4. How is cell division used by some organisms to perform asexual reproduction? 5. What is the role of cell division in multi-cellular organisms? Concept: 1. There are four main stages of the cell cycle 2. Cells divide a different rate 3. There are limitations to cell size Lesson Essential Questions: 1. When is DNA copied during the cell cycle? 2. Which stages of the cell cycle require about the same amounts of time in all human cells? 3. What limits the maximum size of a cell? Vocabulary: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Cytokinesis 24

25 Unit: Cell Growth and Reproduction Standards: A, E; A; A, B; C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What are the phases of growth and reproduction in cells? 2. What are the main events of mitosis and cytokinesis? 3. What is the importance of cell cycle reproduction? 4. How is cell division used by some organisms to perform asexual reproduction? 5. What is the role of cell division in multi-cellular organisms? Concept: 1. There are four main stages of the cell cycle 2. Cells divide a different rate 3. There are limitations to cell size Lesson Essential Questions: 1. When is DNA copied during the cell cycle? 2. Which stages of the cell cycle require about the same amounts of time in all human cells? 3. What limits the maximum size of a cell? Vocabulary: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Cytokinesis 25

26 Unit: Cell Growth and Reproduction Standards: A, E; A; A, B; C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What are the phases of growth and reproduction in cells? 2. What are the main events of mitosis and cytokinesis? 3. What is the importance of cell cycle reproduction? 4. How is cell division used by some organisms to perform asexual reproduction? 5. What is the role of cell division in multi-cellular organisms? Concept: 1. There are four main stages of the cell cycle 2. Cells divide a different rate 3. There are limitations to cell size Lesson Essential Questions: 1. When is DNA copied during the cell cycle? 2. Which stages of the cell cycle require about the same amounts of time in all human cells? 3. What limits the maximum size of a cell? Vocabulary: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Cytokinesis 26

27 Unit: Cell Growth and Reproduction Standards: A, E; A; A, B; C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What are the phases of growth and reproduction in cells? 2. What are the main events of mitosis and cytokinesis? 3. What is the importance of cell cycle reproduction? 4. How is cell division used by some organisms to perform asexual reproduction? 5. What is the role of cell division in multi-cellular organisms? Concept: 1. Chromosomes condense (get more tightly packed) at the beginning of mitosis 2. Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical daughter cells Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What does a chromosome look like during metaphase? 2. Where are the chromatid and centromere located on a chromosome? 3. Why are the daughter cells produced in mitosis genetically identical? 4. What are the main events of interphase and each phase of mitosis? Vocabulary: Chromosome, Histone, Chromatin, Chromatid, Centromere, Telomere, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Inerphase 27

28 Unit: Cell Growth and Reproduction Standards: A, E; A; A, B; C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What are the phases of growth and reproduction in cells? 2. What are the main events of mitosis and cytokinesis? 3. What is the importance of cell cycle reproduction? 4. How is cell division used by some organisms to perform asexual reproduction? 5. What is the role of cell division in multi-cellular organisms? Concept: 1. Internal and external factors regulate cell division 2. Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is a growth factor and how does it affect the cell cycle? 2. How do cancer cells differ from healthy cells? Vocabulary: Growth Factor, Apoptosis, Cancer, Benign, Malignant, Metastasize, Carcinogen 28

29 Unit: Cell Growth and Reproduction Standards: A, E; A; A, B; C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What are the phases of growth and reproduction in cells? 2. What are the main events of mitosis and cytokinesis? 3. What is the importance of cell cycle reproduction? 4. How is cell division used by some organisms to perform asexual reproduction? 5. What is the role of cell division in multi-cellular organisms? Concept: 1. Binary fission and mitosis are similar in their function 2. Mitosis is used by some eukaryotes to reproduce Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the similarities and differences between mitosis and binary fission? 2. What are some ways in which mitosis is used to reproduce eukaryotes? Vocabulary: Asexual Reproduction, Binary Fission 29

30 Unit: Cell Growth and Reproduction Standards: A, E; A; A, B; C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What are the phases of growth and reproduction in cells? 2. What are the main events of mitosis and cytokinesis? 3. What is the importance of cell cycle reproduction? 4. How is cell division used by some organisms to perform asexual reproduction? 5. What is the role of cell division in multi-cellular organisms? Concept: 1. Multicellular organism rely on different cell type interactions 2. Structure determine function in specialized cells 3. Stem cells can develop into different types of cells Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How does communication between cells help maintain homeostasis? 2. How is cell differentiation used in the development of a multicellular organism? 3. What are characteristics of stem cells? Vocabulary: Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Cell Differentiation, Stem Cell, Homeostasis 30

31 Unit: Meiosis and Heredity Standards: A, E; A; A, B, C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How is the chromosome number in gametes different from that of body cells? 2. How does meiosis produce haploid cells? 3. What does the research of Mendel show us about how traits are inherited? 4. What is the relationship between traits, genes, and alleles? 5. How are rules of probability applied to the inheritance of traits? 6. How does independent assortment and crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? Concept: 1. Humans are composed of body cells and gametes 2. Human cells contain autosomes and sex chromosomes 3. Body cells are diploid; gametes; are haploid Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes? 2. Why does fertilization result in a diploid cell and not a haploid cell? Vocabulary: Somatic Cell, Gamete, Homologous Chromosome, Autosome, Sex Chromosome, Sexual Reproduction, Fertilization, Diploid, Haploid, Meiosis 31

32 Unit: Meiosis and Heredity Standards: A, E; A; A, B, C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How is the chromosome number in gametes different from that of body cells? 2. How does meiosis produce haploid cells? 3. What does the research of Mendel show us about how traits are inherited? 4. What is the relationship between traits, genes, and alleles? 5. How are rules of probability applied to the inheritance of traits? 6. How does independent assortment and crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? Concept: 1. Meiosis is composed of two distinct division of cells 2. Gametes are produced from haploid cells Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How do homologous chromosomes differ from sister chromatids? 2. What are the main events of Meiosis I and Meiosis II? 3. Why are eggs larger than sperm cells? Vocabulary: Gametogenesis, Sperm, Egg, Polar Body 32

33 Unit: Meiosis and Heredity Standards: A, E; A; A, B, C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How is the chromosome number in gametes different from that of body cells? 2. How does meiosis produce haploid cells? 3. What does the research of Mendel show us about how traits are inherited? 4. What is the relationship between traits, genes, and alleles? 5. How are rules of probability applied to the inheritance of traits? 6. How does independent assortment and crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? Concept: 1. Gregor Mendel s research became the framework for our understanding of genetics 2. Gregor Mendel s research reveals unique patterns of inherited traits Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What does the Law of Segregation show about how traits are passed on? 2. Why is it important to start with purebreds? 3. What is a cross? Vocabulary: Trait, Genetics, Heredity, Purebred, Cross, Law of Segregation 33

34 Unit: Meiosis and Heredity Standards: A, E; A; A, B, C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How is the chromosome number in gametes different from that of body cells? 2. How does meiosis produce haploid cells? 3. What does the research of Mendel show us about how traits are inherited? 4. What is the relationship between traits, genes, and alleles? 5. How are rules of probability applied to the inheritance of traits? 6. How does independent assortment and crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? Concept: 1. One gene can have multiple versions 2. Genes influence the development of traits Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the relationship between a gene and an allele? 2. Why can a genotype be homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous but not heterozygous recessive? Vocabulary: Gene, Allele, Homozygous, Heterozygous, Genome, Genotype, Phenotype, Dominant, Recessive 34

35 Unit: Meiosis and Heredity Standards: A, E; A; A, B, C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How is the chromosome number in gametes different from that of body cells? 2. How does meiosis produce haploid cells? 3. What does the research of Mendel show us about how traits are inherited? 4. What is the relationship between traits, genes, and alleles? 5. How are rules of probability applied to the inheritance of traits? 6. How does independent assortment and crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? Concept: 1. Punnett Squares show the results of genetic crosses 2. A monohybrid cross show s the inheritance of one trait 3. A dihybrid cross shows the inheritance of two traits 4. Probability can determine inheritance patterns Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What do the boxes in a Punnett Square represent? 2. Why are the expected genotypic ratios sometimes different from the expected phenotypic ratios in monohybrid crosses? 3. How did Mendel s Dihybrid Crosses demonstrate the Law of Independent Assortment? Vocabulary: Punnett Square, Monohybrid Cross, Dihybrid Cross, Testcross, Law of Independent Assortment, Probability 35

36 Unit: Meiosis and Heredity Standards: A, E; A; A, B, C; A; B Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How is the chromosome number in gametes different from that of body cells? 2. How does meiosis produce haploid cells? 3. What does the research of Mendel show us about how traits are inherited? 4. What is the relationship between traits, genes, and alleles? 5. How are rules of probability applied to the inheritance of traits? 6. How does independent assortment and crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? Concept: 1. Sexual reproduction creates unique gene combinations 2. Crossing over during meiosis increases genetic diversity Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How does sexual reproduction produce new allele combinations in offspring? 2. How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? Vocabulary: Crossing Over, Recombination, Genetic Linkage 36

37 Unit: Complex Inheritance Patterns Standards: B, D; C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How does the gene location on chromosomes affect the expression of traits? 2. What factors affect phenotype expression? 3. What methods are used to study human genetics? Concept: 1. Phenotype is affected by two copies of each auotsome gene 2. Sex-linked traits vary in males and females Lesson Essential Questions: How are sex-linked traits expressed differently in males and females? Vocabulary: Carrier, Sex-Linked Gene, X Chromosome Inactivation 37

38 Unit: Complex Inheritance Patterns Standards: B, D; C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How does the gene location on chromosomes affect the expression of traits? 2. What factors affect phenotype expression? 3. What methods are used to study human genetics? Concept: 1. Phenotypes can depend on insertions of alleles 2. One trait can be controlled by many genes 3. The environment can play a role in interacting with trait genotype Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How is incomplete dominance expressed in a phenotype? 2. Why are there more phenotypes in polygenic traits than in single-gene traits? 3. How do interactions between genes and the environment affect phenotype? Vocabulary: Incomplete Dominance, Co-dominance, Polygenic Traits, Allele, Phenotype, Genotype 38

39 Unit: Complex Inheritance Patterns Standards: B, D; C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How does the gene location on chromosomes affect the expression of traits? 2. What factors affect phenotype expression? 3. What methods are used to study human genetics? Concept: 1. Females can be carrier for sex-linked disorders 2. A pedigree is a chart that traces genes in a family 3. There are several methods to map human chromosomes Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How can phenotypes be used to predict genotypes in a pedigree? 2. What is a karyotype and how can it be used to study human chromosomes? Vocabulary: Pedigree, Karyotype, Phenotype, Allele, Sex-Linked Gene, Genotype 39

40 Unit: Protein Synthesis Standards: B; B; A, B, C, D; D; B; A; B, C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the structure of DNA? 2. How is DNA copied? 3. How is RNA produced? 4. How are proteins made? Concept: 1. DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides 2. Watson and Crick developed the first accurate model of DNA 3. Nucleotides pair in a predictable way Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How many types on nucleotides are in DNA and how do they differ? 2. What were the contributions of Chargaff, Franklin, Wilkins, in the structure of DNA? Vocabulary: Nucleotide, Double Helix, Base Pairing Rules, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Covalent Bond, Hydrogen Bond 40

41 Unit: Protein Synthesis Standards: B; B; A, B, C, D; D; B; A; B, C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the structure of DNA? 2. How is DNA copied? 3. How is RNA produced? 4. How are proteins made? Concept: 1. Replication is the process of copying genetic information 2. Proteins carry out the process of replication Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the function of replication? 2. How does DNA act as a template during replication? 3. How do cells help ensure the DNA replication process is accurate? Vocabulary: Replication, DNA Polymerase 41

42 Unit: Protein Synthesis Standards: B; B; A, B, C, D; D; B; A; B, C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the structure of DNA? 2. How is DNA copied? 3. How is RNA produced? 4. How are proteins made? Concept: 1. What is the role of RNA? 2. What type of RNA does transcription produce? 3. How is transcription similar to replication? Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the central dogma? 2. How is the mrna made in transcription considered a mirror image of the original DNA strand? 3. Why would a cell make a lot of rrna copies but only one copy of DNA? Vocabulary: Central Dogma, RNA, Transcription, RNA Polymerase, Messenger RNA (mrna), Ribosome RNA (rrna), Transfer RNA (trna), Uracil 42

43 Unit: Protein Synthesis Standards: B; B; A, B, C, D; D; B; A; B, C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the structure of DNA? 2. How is DNA copied? 3. How is RNA produced? 4. How are proteins made? Concept: 1. Amino Acids are coded by mrna base sequences 2. Amino Acids are joined to form a protein Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is the relationship between a condon and an amino acid? 2. How is the process of translation started? Vocabulary: Translation, Codon, Stop Codon, Start Codon, Anticodon, Peptide Bond 43

44 Unit: Protein Synthesis Standards: B; B; A, B, C, D; D; B; A; B, C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the structure of DNA? 2. How is DNA copied? 3. How is RNA produced? 4. How are proteins made? Concept: 1. Some mutations affect a single gene, others affect an entire chromosome 2. Mutations may or may not affect a phenotype 3. Mutations can be caused by several factors Lesson Essential Questions: 1. Why do frameshift mutations have a greater impact than point mutations? 2. How can mutagens cause genetic mutations despite the body s DNA repair enzymes? Vocabulary: Mutation, Point Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Mutagen 44

45 Unit: Natural Selection/Evolution Standards: A, E; A; C, D; D; C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What ideas in the past have shaped our understanding of how populations genetically change over time? 2. How does natural selection affect the survival of populations and their individuals? 3. What is the role of mutations, genetic recombination, selective breeding, biotech on the genetic makeup of a population? Concept: 1. Early scientist proposed ideas about evolution 2. There are observable differences among species Lesson Essential Questions: 1. Describe ideas proposed by early scientists. 2. What accounts for variation among species? 3. What is the relationship between adaptations and variations? Vocabulary: Evolution, Species, Adaptations, Variations 45

46 Unit: Natural Selection/Evolution Standards: A, E; A; C, D; D; C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What ideas in the past have shaped our understanding of how populations genetically change over time? 2. How does natural selection affect the survival of populations and their individuals? 3. What is the role of mutations, genetic recombination, selective breeding, biotech on the genetic makeup of a population? Concept: 1. Key insights led to the idea of natural selection 2. Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution 3. Natural selection acts on existing variation Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the four principles of natural selection? 2. Why is variation in a population necessary for natural selection? 3. Explain why Survival of the Fittest is not accurate? Vocabulary: Artificial Selection, Heritability, Natural Selection, Population, Fitness, Phenotype, Competition 46

47 Unit: Evolution of Populations Standards: C, D; D; C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How does a population share a common gene pool? 2. How do populations, not individuals, evolve? 3. What are additional mechanisms by which populations evolve? Concept: 1. Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals will survive 2. Genetic variations comes from several sources Lesson Essential Questions: 1. Why does genetic variation increase the chance that some individuals in a population will survive? 2. Describe two main sources of genetic variation Vocabulary: Gene Pool, Allele Frequency, Phenotypes, Gene, Allele, Meiosis, Gamete 47

48 Unit: Evolution of Populations Standards: C, D; D; C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How does a population share a common gene pool? 2. How do populations, not individuals, evolve? 3. What are additional mechanisms by which populations evolve? Concept: 1. Natural selection acts on distribution of traits 2. Natural selection can change the distribution of a trait in one of three ways Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What is meant by Distribution of Traits? 2. What are the three ways in which natural selection can change a distribution of traits? Vocabulary: Normal Distribution, Microevolution, Directional Selection, Stabilizing Selection, Disruptive Selection, Natural Selection 48

49 Unit: Evolution of Populations Standards: C, D; D; C Unit Essential Question(s): 1. How does a population share a common gene pool? 2. How do populations, not individuals, evolve? 3. What are additional mechanisms by which populations evolve? Concept: 1. Gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations 2. Genetic drift is a change in alleles frequency due to chance 3. Sexual selection occurs when certain traits increase mating success Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How does gene flow affect neighboring populations? 2. Name two processes through which genetic drift can occur? 3. How does sexual selection occur? Vocabulary: Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Bottleneck Effect, Founder Effect, Sexual Selection, Homozygous, Heterozygous 49

50 Unit: Principles of Ecology Standards: A, C, E; B; B; D; B, C; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is ecology? 2. What are different between biotic and abiotic factors? 3. How does energy move through an ecosystem? 4. How do food chains/food webs model energy flow? 5. How does matter cycle through an ecosystem? 6. How do pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem? Concept: 1. Ecologist study environments at different levels of organization 2. Ecological research methods include observation, experimentation, and modeling Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the five different levels of organization studied by ecologist? 2. Describe the three general methods used by ecologists to study organisms? Vocabulary: Ecology, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Organism, Population 50

51 Unit: Principles of Ecology Standards: A, C, E; B; B; D; B, C; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is ecology? 2. What are different between biotic and abiotic factors? 3. How does energy move through an ecosystem? 4. How do food chains/food webs model energy flow? 5. How does matter cycle through an ecosystem? 6. How do pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem? Concept: 1. Ecosystems include both biotic and abiotic factors 2. Changing one factors in an ecosystem can affect many other factors Lesson Essential Questions: 1. Identify a familiar ecosystem and describe its biotic and abiotic factors. 2. How would removal of a keystone species affect many other factors? Vocabulary: Biotic, Abiotic, Biodiversity, Keystone Species 51

52 Unit: Principles of Ecology Standards: A, C, E; B; B; D; B, C; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is ecology? 2. What are different between biotic and abiotic factors? 3. How does energy move through an ecosystem? 4. How do food chains/food webs model energy flow? 5. How does matter cycle through an ecosystem? 6. How do pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem? Concept: 1. Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem 2. Almost all producers obtain energy from the sun Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How does the stability of an ecosystem depend on its producers? 2. Describe two processes used by producers to obtain energy? Vocabulary: Producer, Autotroph, Consumer, Heterotroph, Chemosynthesis, Photosynthesis 52

53 Unit: Principles of Ecology Standards: A, C, E; B; B; D; B, C; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is ecology? 2. What are different between biotic and abiotic factors? 3. How does energy move through an ecosystem? 4. How do food chains/food webs model energy flow? 5. How does matter cycle through an ecosystem? 6. How do pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem? Concept: 1. A food chain is a model that shows a sequence of feeding relationships 2. A food web shows complex network of feeding relationships Lesson Essential Questions: 1. Why are food chains useful for describing the relationships of specialist? 2. What happens to energy as it flows through a food web? Vocabulary: Food Chain, Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, Detritivore, Decomposer, Specialist, Generalist, Trophic Level, Food Web 53

54 Unit: Principles of Ecology Standards: A, C, E; B; B; D; B, C; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is ecology? 2. What are different between biotic and abiotic factors? 3. How does energy move through an ecosystem? 4. How do food chains/food webs model energy flow? 5. How does matter cycle through an ecosystem? 6. How do pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem? Concept: 1. Water cycles through the environment 2. Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How does the hydrologic cycle move water through the environment? 2. What are four elements that cycle through ecosystems and why are they important? Vocabulary: Hydrological Cycle, Biogeochemical Cycle, Nitrogen Fixation 54

55 Unit: Principles of Ecology Standards: A, C, E; B; B; D; B, C; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is ecology? 2. What are different between biotic and abiotic factors? 3. How does energy move through an ecosystem? 4. How do food chains/food webs model energy flow? 5. How does matter cycle through an ecosystem? 6. How do pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem? Concept: 1. An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels 2. Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem s biomass and distribution of organisms Lesson Essential Questions: 1. How does an energy pyramid help to describe energy flow in a food web? 2. What is the difference between a biomass pyramid and a pyramid of numbers? Vocabulary: Biomass, Energy Pyramid 55

56 Unit: Interactions in Ecosystems Standards: A, C, E; A; D; B, C; A; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the relationship between a habitat and a niche? 2. How do organisms interact as both individuals and as populations? 3. How does a population s density, dispersion, and reproductive strategy impact its survival? 4. What are some of the predictable patterns of population growth? 5. How do communities change over time? Concept: 1. A habitat differs from a niche 2. Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact 3. Symbiosis is a close relationship between species Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the three parts of an organism s ecological niche? 2. Give an example of the three types of symbiosis. Vocabulary: Habitat, Ecological Niche, Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalisms, Parasitism, Community 56

57 Unit: Interactions in Ecosystems Standards: A, C, E; A; D; B, C; A; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the relationship between a habitat and a niche? 2. How do organisms interact as both individuals and as populations? 3. How does a population s density, dispersion, and reproductive strategy impact its survival? 4. What are some of the predictable patterns of population growth? 5. How do communities change over time? Concept: 1. A habitat differs from a niche 2. Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact 3. Symbiosis is a close relationship between species Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the three parts of an organism s ecological niche? 2. Give an example of the three types of symbiosis. Vocabulary: Habitat, Ecological Niche, Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalisms, Parasitism, Community 57

58 Unit: Interactions in Ecosystems Standards: A, C, E; A; D; B, C; A; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the relationship between a habitat and a niche? 2. How do organisms interact as both individuals and as populations? 3. How does a population s density, dispersion, and reproductive strategy impact its survival? 4. What are some of the predictable patterns of population growth? 5. How do communities change over time? Concept: 1. A habitat differs from a niche 2. Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact 3. Symbiosis is a close relationship between species Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What are the three parts f an organism s ecological niche? 2. Give an example of the three types of symbiosis. Vocabulary: Habitat, Ecological Niche, Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalisms, Parasitism, Community 58

59 Unit: Interactions in Ecosystems Standards: A, C, E; A; D; B, C; A; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the relationship between a habitat and a niche? 2. How do organisms interact as both individuals and as populations? 3. How does a population s density, dispersion, and reproductive strategy impact its survival? 4. What are some of the predictable patterns of population growth? 5. How do communities change over time? Concept: 1. Population density is the number of individuals that live in a defined area 2. Geographic dispersion of a population shows how individuals in a population are spaced Lesson Essential Questions: 1. Create a population density problem to illustrate how this value can be beneficial to ecologist. 2. Draw and label a diagram showing the three population dispersion patterns Vocabulary: Popular Density, Population Dispersion 59

60 Unit: Interactions in Ecosystems Standards: A, C, E; A; D; B, C; A; A Unit Essential Question(s): 1. What is the relationship between a habitat and a niche? 2. How do organisms interact as both individuals and as populations? 3. How does a population s density, dispersion, and reproductive strategy impact its survival? 4. What are some of the predictable patterns of population growth? 5. How do communities change over time? Concept: 1. Changes in a population s size are determined by immigration, emigration, births, and deaths 2. Population growth is based on available resources 3. Ecological factors limit population growth Lesson Essential Questions: 1. What four factors determine the growth rate of a population? 2. How does carrying capacity affects the size of a population? 3. What are the differences between density dependent and density independent factors? Vocabulary: Immigration, Emigration, Exponential Growth, Logistic Growth, Carrying Capacity, Population Crash, Limiting Factor, Density- Dependent-Limiting Factor, Density-Independent-Limiting Factor 60