MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND REDOX REGULATION
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1 MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND REDOX Claude A. Piantadosi, MD Professor of Medicine and Pathology Duke University Medical Center Durham, N.C. USA
2 Objectives Provide an overview of the physiological and pathological states and transcriptional control mechanisms involved in mitochondrial biogenesis Define how specific adjustments in cellular and/or mitochondrial redox state activate mitochondrial biogenesis Illustrate the role of redox-regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in the resolution of mitochondrial damage during acute inflammation
3 List of Abbreviations AMPK: AMP-activated kinase CREB: Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 ERR : Estrogen-related receptor alpha Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 NAMPT: nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase Nfe2l2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) NRF-1/NRF-2: Nuclear respiratory factors-1 and -2 (GABP) PGAM5: Mitochondrial serine/threonine phosphatase PGC-1 : Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha PPAR : Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha RIP140: Nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1 SIRT1: NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1
4 Bi-genomic transcriptional network integral to mitochondrial quality control Coordinated with energy needs, cell growth, proliferation, autophagy Homeostatic, adaptive, anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory Part of integrated response to tissue damage and disease Major control pathways are under redox-regulation PGC-1 Scarpulla,R. Physiol Rev 2008;88:
5 Mitochondrial Quality Control (no de novo synthesis) Functional Pool Of Mitochondria Oxidative damage Mitochondrial Biogenesis Disease or Early senescence Normal senescence Molecular Recycling Non-recoverable components Autophagy (Mitophagy)
6
7 MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND REDOX CMV enhancer b-actin promoter 5ʼ Control COX 8 MLS Day 1 (106 S. aureus) GFP coding region Day 3 3ʼ
8 Major types of induction mechanisms for nuclearencoded mitochondrial genes Energy-sensing pathways AMPK SIRT1 CREB Ca ++ -dependent kinases CaMK II/IV, CaMKK Calcineurin A p38 MAPK Redox-regulated pathways NO/cGMP Nrf2/HO-1/CO Inflammatory pathways NF-kB CREB
9 NO and mitochondrial biogenesis cgmp production by multiple factors either directly or through an increase in enos activity in muscle, fat, other tissues up-regulates regulatory genes for mitochondrial biogenesis including PGC-1, NRF-1, and Tfam, leading to mitochondrial proliferation Modified from Nisoli E, Carruba MO. Nitric oxide and mitochondrial biogenesis. J Cell Sci. 2006;119:
10 PGC-1 co-activator family members act as coordinators of mitochondrial biogenesis PGC-1 PGC-1 PRC Partner with DNA binding transcription factors (e.g. NRF-1, GABP and CREB) to activate 500-1,000 nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes needed for mitochondrial proliferation Vercauteren K., Pasko R.A., Gleyzer N., Marino V.M., Scarpulla R.C. PGC-1-related coactivator: immediate early expression and characterization of a CREB/NRF-1 binding domain associated with cytochrome c promoter occupancy and respiratory growth. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26: , 2006
11 Energy Limitation Cold, Fasting AMP/ATP AMPK SIRT1 NAD + /NADH P CREB PKA CREB Phosphorylation Deacetylation Ppargc1a PGC-1a RIP140 NRF-1 ERR PPAR GABP Fatty Acid Oxidation Thermogenesis Mitochondrial Biogenesis
12 SIRT1 NAD + -dependent histone deacetylase (class III HDAC) Deacetylates diverse histone and non-histone proteins Mediates effect of calorie restriction on lifespan and cell metabolism Anti-inflammatory effect through down-regulation of NF-kB-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine expression
13 AMPK Senses metabolic stress and energy deprivation (AMP/ ATP); activated by muscle contraction (Ca 2+ /ROS) Stimulates fatty acid breakdown, glycolysis Inhibits energy-utilizing synthetic pathways (protein, cholesterol, fatty acids) Activates PGC-1 by phosphorylating Thr 177 and Ser 538 Activates SIRT1 by increasing NAD + /NADH through oxidation and stimulation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting step in NAD biosynthesis
14 SIRT1 and AMPK cooperate to activate PGC-1
15 Ca 2+ vs. ROS in exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis Modified from Lira V A et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299:E145-E161, 2010
16 Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1; Hmox1) Inducible heme catabolism Breaks -methene carbon bond releasing Fe, CO, biliverdin Potent antiinflammatory, prosurvival effects HO-1/CO induces mitochondrial biogenesis Suliman HB, et al. A new activating role for CO in cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis. J Cell Sci. 120: , 2007
17 MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND REDOX HO-1/CO induction of mitochondrial biogenesis Control MLE cells MLE cells +CO-RM HO-1 transfection 24h HO-1 silencing +CO-RM Green, Mitotracker; Red, NRF-1; Blue, Dapi
18 Key role of Nrf2 (Nfe2l2) Basic leucine-zipper CNC transcription factor that binds to antioxidant response elements (ARE) in promoter regions of target genes, e.g. Nqo1, GST, Hmox1 Forms ternary docking complex with Pgam5 (outer mitochondrial membrane) and Keap1 (cytoplasmic inhibitor) Keap1 cysteine oxidation stabilizes complex and prevents degradation Nrf2 Ser 40 phosphorylation by PKC dissociates Nrf2 from Keap1 in response to oxidative stress Widely expressed in kidney, muscle, lung, heart, liver, brain
19 Normal cytoplasmic turnover of Nrf2
20 Piantadosi CA, et al. Heme oxygenase-1 regulates cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis via Nrf2-mediated transcriptional control of nuclear respiratory factor-1. Circ Res. 103(11): , 2008
21
22 Effects of inflammation on mitochondrial quality control
23 Counter-inflammation Piantadosi CA, et al. J Biol Chem. 286(18): , 2011
24 Piantadosi, CA and HB Suliman, Biochem Biophys Acta, in press 2011
25 Summary/Conclusions Redox regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis is a major mitochondrial quality control mechanism in mammalian cells Multiple levels of redox control are involved NO/cGMP Nrf2/HO-1/CO NAD + /NADH ratio Mitochondrial H 2 O 2 production Control points involve redox regulation of kinase activity and gene expression The mitochondrial biogenesis transcriptional program is part of a master network of cellular anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses
26 Collaborators Hagir B. Suliman, D.V.M, Ph.D. Karen E. Welty Wolf, M.D. Raquel B. Bartz, M.D. Timothy E. Sweeney, M.D., Ph.D. Crystal Withers, M.D., Ph.D. student Ping Fu, M.D. Funding NHLBI Veteran s Administration
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