The Earth and its representation

Transcription

1 GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 The Earth and its representation

2 THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE EARTH

3 THE SOLAR SYSTEM The solar system is a planetary system. Is a group of astronomical objects who surround a star, in this case, the Sun. This objects are: The Sun The Planets The Dwarf Planets Other Objects

4 THE SUN The Sun is the star of our Solar System. Also is the biggest astronomical object of our Solar System. The distance of The Sun to the Earth is approximately 150 million kilometres.

5 THE SUN How Long takes to us a travel through the space by car at 100km/h with the Sun as goal? Answer: hours, days or 171 years. The Sun brings to us the energy and light, that are necessary for the life in Earth (For example, the plants can use the sunlight for the photosynthesis process)

6 THE PLANETS The Planets are the astronomical objects that surround The Sun. Nowadays are 8:. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. We can divided in 2 groups: Terrestrial planets Giant planets

7 THE PLANETS Terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They are the closest planets to The Sun Also are the smallest. They are planets with a solid surface

8 THE PLANETS Giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus y Neptune. They are the biggest planets. This planets hasn t got a solid surface, they are just huge balls of gas or ice. Has a lot of Moons. For example, Jupiter has 67

9 SIZES

10 DWARF PLANETS There are very little planets, even more than our Moon. The most important is Pluto There are much more, like Makemake, Haumea, Ceres o Eris

11 OTHER OBJECTS Satellites or Moons. There are objects that surround the Planets, like our Moon. Asteroids Comets

12 Photos and Video about Solar System

13 THE SUN

14 MERCURY

15 VENUS

16 EARTH

17 MARS

18 JUPITER

19 SATURN

20 URANUS

21 NEPTUNE

22 VIDEO

23 THE EARTH The Earth was formed million years ago (like 57,5 million of human lives). As we saw before, it belongs to the Solar System and surrounds the Sun. Is the only one planet where we can find life until now Is called the blue Planet because. Around the 70% of its surface is water

24 THE EARTH Is surrounded by the atmosphere, a layer of gas that helps us with a triple function: Protect us of the sun radiation Regulate the temperature Contains a gas called oxygen that is necessary for life The Earth s shape is almost a sphere, but is flatter by the poles

25 EXERCISES Solar System Map Complete the blanks Riddles

26 ROTATION AND TIME ZONES

27 ROTATION Is the movement of the Earth around its axis, as a spinning top Every rotation movement takes to the Earth approximately 24 hours. (Exactly 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds. Therefore, is what we called day. The Earth rotates from the East towards the West The consequences of this movement are: Alternation of day and night The Time Zones

28 TIME ZONES A Time Zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time. As we saw with rotation movement, It s impossible that all the places in the Earth has the same time, That is why the Earth is divided into 24 Time Zones. Every place in the Earth that is situated into the same Time Zone has the same time.

29 TIME ZONES The Time reference 0 is the City of Greenwich, in England. This Time Zone is called UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) or GMT (Greenwich Mean Time). In a map, with 0 as reference, we put the clock forward one hour for every time zone we move towards to the East, the next time zone would be the UTC +1, the next UTC +2 and so on.

30 TIME ZONES However, in a map, with 0 as reference, we put the clock backward one hour for every time zone we move towards to the West, the next time zone would be the UTC -1, the next UTC -2 and so on

31 VIDEO

32 EXERCISE Complete the blanks Time Zones. Map 1. We are living in London and it is 12 hours o clock. What time is it in these cities? Los Angeles, New York, Beijing. 2. We are living in Moscow and it is 14hours o clock. What time is it in these cities? Buenos Aires, Bogotá, Tokyo. 2nd Exercise Instructions

33 ORBIT AND SEASONS OF THE YEAR

34 ORBIT The orbit is the movement of the Earth surrounding the Sun This orbit is elliptical, not circular. This movement takes to the Earth approximately 365 days, is what we called Year

35 ORBIT Exactly takes to the Earth 365 days and 6 hours, that s the reason why every 4 years we have to add one more day to our calendar. This year is called leap year.

36 SEASONS The Seasons are not due to the elliptical orbit of Earth, are due to the inclination of Earth s axis. The Earth s axis is inclined 23,5 degrees. This inclination, and the consequent incidence of the sunrays and its exposure to the Earth are the cause of the Seasons and the climate zones.

37 SEASONS There are different climate zones on Earth: 2 Polar zones 2 Temperate zones 1 Warm zone

38 THE 4 SEASONS 4 Key Dates: Spring Equinox 21st March Starts Spring in North and Autumn in South Summer Solstice 21st June Starts Summer in North and Winter in South Autumn Equinox 21st September Starts Autumn in North and Spring in South Winter Solstice 21st December Starts Winter in North and Summer in South

39 EXERCISE Exercise about orbital movement Exercise 2,Page 14 Book (Homework)

40 LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS

41 LATITUDE Latitude is a geographic point that indicates the North or South position from the Equator (remember that is the parallel 0º) to a position on Earth. This position is measured in degrees northward or southward. Its value is between 0 and 90 degrees. Ex (5 N, 15 S) This imaginary lines, who runs parallels to equator, are called PARALLELS Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.

42 MAIN PARALLELS Equator - 0º In the northern hemisphere: Tropic of Cancer - 23 N. Arctic Circle - 66 N In the southern hemisphere: Tropic of Capricorn - 23 S. Antarctic Circle - 66 S

43 LONGITUDE Longitude is a geographic point that indicates the West or East position from a point of reference, that in this case is The Greenwich Meridian (called Meridian 0º) to a position on Earth. This position is measured in degrees Westward or Eastward. Its value is between 0 and 180 degrees (35 W, 60 E) This imaginary semicircle lines are called MERIDIANS Longitude is used together with latitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.

44 LONGITUDE

45 EXERCISES Locate these places in a Map. Europe s Map 60 N, 10 E 50º N, 20º E 50º N, 15º E 40 N, 50º E 50º N, 5 W 60 N, 30 E What is the Latitude/Longitude of these cities? Spain s Map Toledo Cuenca Ciudad Real Gerona Murcia Castellón

46 EXERCISES longitud.htm Locate these places in a Map. Homework? 0 Latitude, 78 Long W 33 Latitude S, 151 Long E 1º Latitude S, 36 Long E 34 Latitude N, 6 Long W Exercise 1, Page 16 Homework

47 ORIENTATION IN A MAP. MAPS, PROJECTIONS AND SCALES.

48 ORIENTATION IN A MAP. CARDINAL POINTS The first thing that we need to know to use a map is the Cardinal Points. These points are: North, represented as a N South, represented as a S East, represented as a E West, represented as a W

49 SCALE A map is reduced representation of reality. The scale indicates the relation between a distance drawn on the map and the same distance on the ground. Are usually expressed in two ways. Numerical: As a fraction. The numerator indicates the distance on the map and the denominator tells us its equivalent on the ground. For example, 1: indicates that 1 cm on the map is equivalent to 25,000cm in reality Graphical: Using a graduated ruler, on each segment, the equivalent to ground distance is indicated.

50 MAPS: PROJECTIONS A map is a representation of the spherical Surface of the Earth, or a part of it, on a flat Surface To be able to represent a curved surface on a map we use projections that can translate the grid of parallels and meridians onto a flat surface. The most important projections are: Cylindrical Conical Projections onto a plane

51 MAPS: PROJECTIONS Cylindrical Projection: It is the best method to represent the low latitudes between the equator and the tropics. However, this kind of projection distorts the middle latitudes and the poles.

52 PETERS VS MERCATOR PROJECTION

53 MAPS: PROJECTIONS Conical Projection: It is the most appropriate to represent the middle latitudes, between the tropics and the polar circles. Distorts the low latitudes.

54 MAPS: PROJECTIONS Projection onto a plane: It is the most appropriate method to represent the polar areas.

55 Maps: Types

56 MAPS: TYPES Topographic: Represent in detail the physical and human aspects of the territory: relief, water, flora, communication routes, land use

57 MAPS: TYPES Thematic: Represent a specific geographical aspect such as climate, relief, population, etc

58 EXERCISES Page 15, Exercises 1, 2, 3, Exercise 4 Homework, Everyone have to print one example and bring it.