2012: Astronomy Apocalypse

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1 2012: Astronomy Apocalypse Readings, Discussion Questions & Homework Questions Friday, Sept 7: Lab Read Bennett Ch3 (on website) Discussion Questions (DQ): 1. Why is astronomy the First science? Why have cultures all over the world studied astronomy? How have they done it? 2. What is the difference between science and pseudo-science? Is this just scientific prejudice? Is the difference important? 3. Is there evidence that science actually leads to an understanding of the natural world any better than any other mode of thinking about the world? Is it all just relative? Homework Questions (HQ): 1. What about the crescent moon tells us the season in Africa? 2. (True/False) In winter the Sun rises as far north as it ever does along the eastern horizon? 3. (True/False) Galileo and Kepler cast horoscopes. 4. Kepler s Second Law of planetary motion says a line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal amounts of time. Which of the following statements means nearly the same thing? a. Planets move fastest when they are moving toward the Sun. b. Planets move equal distances throughout their orbit of the Sun. c. Planets move slowest when they are moving away from the Sun. d. Planets move farther in a given time when they are closer to the Sun. e. Planets move the same speed at all points during their orbit of the Sun. Monday, Sept 10: Discussion Read Aveni Preface, Ch1 and Ch2 1. What astronomical event have you heard about that are associated with 2012? 2. What is a skeptic? How much evidence is enough? At what point does a skeptic become a stubborn, contrarian, conspiracy buff?

2 3. What is an hierophany? Give an example of one not in the book. 4. What is Gnosticism? How is it similar to or different from Science? Are Gnostics scientists? Are scientists Gnostics? What makes something a science? 5. What was the Harmonic Convergence of 1987? What did it predict would happen? What do its proponents say happened (did it succeed or fail)? Is this Science? 1. What is the main difference between the two types of Eschatology? 2. The Mayan Classic period is so impressive because: a. They colonized the New World from Greece and Babylon b. They developed an amazing technology that allowed them to build pyramids, temples and calculate astronomical events. c. They developed amazing architecture, writing, astronomy, carvings, and an incredibly accurate calendar, all without much technology. d. None of the above. 3. When does the Chichen Itza hierophany occur? 4. How many Long Counts fit into one period of the Earth s precession? 5. The astronomical causes (or effects) of 2012, according to various prophesies, are: a. Supergiant flares from the Sun. b. Planetary alignments. c. Earth s weakening magnetic field and cosmic radiation. d. Beams from the center of the Galaxy. e. All of the Above. Wednesday, Sept 12: Discussion Read Aveni Ch3, Ch4 1. Aveni says that the Mayan calendar (including the timing of ceremonies) is astronomically based. How is this similar to or different from our own calendar? What are the astronomical underpinnings of our own calendar? 2. How did the Maya view cosmic cycles? How did these work into their ideas of myth, history, and power? 3. What are the various cycles that are possibly important in Mayan culture that all work out to be about a tzolkin (or an integer number of tzolkins) in length? 4. What does Aveni believe Mayan creation stories were meant to do? How does this compare with the Judeo-Christian creation story.

3 1. Where did (and do) the Maya live? 2. What are the glyphs (inscription) on Maya stela mostly concerned with? f. History and lessons that can be learned from it. g. The great achievements of the ruling class. h. Prophecies for the future. i. A record of alien visitation. j. None of the above. 3. What s the date of the first astronomical carving from mesoamerica? 4. What are the three stones in the Mayan creation myth? What is their astronomical representation? 5. Events that happen in a katun of one number are: a. Destined to happen again in another katun of the same number. b. Predictable based upon the position of the Sun in a constellation of the zodiac. c. Determined by the orbit of Venus over its yearly cycle. d. Recorded on massive stela as a warning to future generations. e. All of the Above. Friday, Sept 14 (Lab): Mayan Calendar Lecture Aveni Ch4 HQ 1. What cycle is the centerpiece of the Mayan calendar? How many days are in it? What two smaller cycles is it made from? 2. What two fertility cycles are approximately one tzolkin long? 3. We use a base-10 counting system. What did the Maya use? a. Base-10; they still had ten fingers. b. Base-20; they had ten fingers and ten toes. c. Base-21; ten fingers, ten toes and one head. d. Base-22; the number system was invented by men after all. e. Other (please describe). 4. Today s date is 14/9/2012 (Day/Month/Year). Represent each number using Mayan numerals. 5. What s the Haab date? How does it compare to the 365 day year that we know? Monday, Sept 17: No Class

4 Wednesday, Sept 19: Milky Way & Precession Lecture Aveni Ch5 1. Have you ever seen the Milky Way? If so, when and where? 2. Does Aveni believe it is likely that the Maya were aware of the precession cycle (and its 26,000 year period) of the Earth? Why or why not? 3. How did the Maya achieve such precision in calculating Moon, Venus, eclipse, etc. periods? 1. What date (or dates) marks the start of the current Mayan creation? And what astronomical event coincides with this day of the year? 2. What constellation corresponds to the direction towards the center of our galaxy? 3. What s a problem with 2012 alignment theories involving the galactic center? 4. How many Long Counts fit into one period of the Earth s precession? 5. The wobble of the Earth s axis over 26,000 years leads to: a. Stars changing their rise and set position on the horizon. b. Seasons starting on different days of the year. c. Different constellations being visible at different times of year. d. The Sun changing what constellation it is in from month to month. e. All of the above. 6. In what constellation did the vernal equinox occur (the position of the Sun along the zodiac on the first day of spring) on the date the current Mayan creation began in question How many pik cycles correspond to one day of precession (the time it takes the solar year and sidereal year to misalign by one day)? 8. Is there an 11-year cycle (the solar sunspot cycle) in the Mayan calendar? 9. Is a magnetic field reversal of the Earth a slow process or a sudden one? 10. True or False. If all the planets were to line up on one side of the Sun, their combined gravitational will not noticeably affect the Earth s core. Friday, Sept 21 (Lab): Discussion Aveni Ch6, Ch7 1. How has Christian eschatology played into our interpretation of the Mayan cyclical calendar? In other words, how has Christian thinking about Revelation, ages of Man, and age of the Earth lead to current thinking (by some) about the coming End Times?

5 2. Why is America the spawning ground of so many apocalyptic theories? You never hear Italians proclaiming the return of the alien mother-ship when a particularly bright comet is in the sky? 3. How has millennialism shaped your life? Yours is the Millenial Generation after all. 4. Is 2012 the end of the world? 1. What astronomical event probably lies at the start of the Indian and Chinese calendars? 2. What Sun to we live in according to the Aztec Sun Stone? 3. When did the idea of setting up 1000-year mile-markers (in particular the one we just went through in the year 2000) likely first happen among Christian thinkers? 4. Millenialism is the idea that: a. The world will end with the end of the millennium. b. The world is only six millennia old. c. That changes in millennia usher in major changes in the world. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 5. Frank Drake writes about: a. Gnostic revelation. b. The 2012 apocalypse moment. c. Alien abductions among millennial believers. d. What alien civilizations could one day teach us. e. All of the above. Monday, Sept 24: Review for Exam 1 Wednesday, Sept 26: Exam 1

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