A Sky Full of Stars - II.

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1 A Sky Full of Stars - II.

2 Learning Objectives! What is the latitude of the Equator and of the Earth s North and South Poles? What is the declination of the Celestial Equator and of the Celestial Poles?! How does your latitude relate to a star s declination at your zenith and your horizon? Why is it not as simple to relate longitude to the Right Ascension at your zenith?! How does the position (Right Ascension) of a star at zenith above Laramie change over 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours? And over 3 months, 6 months, 12 months?! How fast, in what direction do stars move across the sky? How much earlier does a star rise each week?! Note the [xtra] beside lectures 1-7on the schedule. These may be helpful to learn difficult concepts

3 East-West Motion 1 - Rotation of the Earth! The Earth spins about its axis once per day! We don't feel it as everything (you, me, the lecture hall, the air) moves at the same speed! The rotation is counterclockwise, if you were to look down on the Earth s North Pole! Earth rotates eastwards. Must be true because the Sun rises in the east and moves west. Earth must thus spin west to east beneath the Sun! So, the Sun, the Moon, the planets and stars all appear to rise in the east, move west, and set in the west due to the Earth spinning

4 See the Sun Dawn Terminator See Stars Noon Midnight See the Sun Dusk See Stars

5 Longitude and Time of Day! Local time depends on longitude! Local noon - Sun crosses the meridian (line from due North through your zenith to due South)! Sun moves 15 º an hour in the sky (as Earth rotates 24 hours a day, one circuit is 360 º, and 360/24 = 15)! Standard Time! The world is divided into 24 time zones! We are in the Mountain Standard Time Zone (MST)! Time is measured relative to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)! MST is seven hours behind GMT

6 East-West Motion 1 MST Prime Meridian Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

7 The Gregorian Calendar! The Earth orbits the Sun every days (once a year)! A regular calendar year is 365 days long! Accounting for this difference! Leap years: 1 extra day every 4 years = days! No leap years every 100 years = days! Add leap year every 400 years = days! Eventually, we'll need to skip the leap year in 4000 AD = days

8 Looking down on Earth s North Pole, Earth s rotation and orbit are counter-clockwise A star crosses your meridian 1 hour earlier every 2 weeks East-West Motion 2 looking down on the Earth-Sun system The other star is up during the day and hidden by the Sun June This star is visible at night This star is visible at night December The other star is up during the day and hidden by the Sun

9 Collecting it all together! Stars can be hidden for two reasons:! below the horizon (these are never visible unless you change your geographic latitude)! currently behind the Sun (these become visible at night at some point in the year)! The Earth rotates around its poles relative to the stars! the Declination at your zenith is fixed if you do not move about on the Earth s surface! if you stand at the same location on Earth, the Right Ascension (RA) above your head is constantly changing! RA at zenith moves 15 o each hour (Earth s rotation each day) and 15 o every 2 weeks (Earth s orbit each year)

10 Important bad drawing Times, Longitude, Meridian and East-West Motions

11 Next Time The Reason for the Seasons

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