JAXA s Venus Climate Orbiter (PLANET-C) overview. Launch: Jun 2010 Arrival: Dec 2010 Mission life: 2 years
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1 JAXA s Venus Climate Orbiter (PLANET-C) overview Launch: Jun 2010 Arrival: Dec 2010 Mission life: 2 years
2 Venus and Earth They have almost the same size and mass. Surface environments are completely different. (Venus environment: CO 2 atmosphere, no ocean, 92bar, 740K, H 2 SO 4 cloud..) What differentiated these planets? How does the climate system work under different conditions?
3 Science goals Atmospheric dynamics Mechanism of super-rotation Meridional circulation Meso-scale processes Lightning Cloud physics Detection of active volcanism Inhomogeneity of surface material Zodiacal light
4 Hierarchy of Earth s meteorology Macro Meso Micro 1sec 10min 1hr 6hr 2d 20d 1yr 10yr Planetary Climate wave change Baroclinic instability Tropical cyclones Cloud cruster Inertio gravity wave Cumulus convection Gravity wave Boundary layer Wave breaking Boundary layer turbulence Interaction 10 4 km 10 3 km 10 2 km 10 km 1km 100 m 10 m
5 Hierarchy of Venus meteorology Macro Meso Micro 1sec 10min 1hr 6hr 2d 20d 1yr 10yr?????? Super-rotation?? Upscale cascade to super-rotation? 10 4 km 10 3 km 10 2 km 10 km 1km 100 m 10 m
6 Forbes (2002)
7 Concept of meteorological satellite Monitoring global structure Wide field of view (12 o ) Covering wide-range of time scales Continuous, systematic sampling (every 2 hours) Local time coverage Equatorial orbit Meso-scales / Wind vectors High spatial resolution (~10 km)
8 Spacecraft Mass 480 kg (including fuel) Science payload 34 kg Attitude control o Pointing accuracy 0.1 Stability 0.01o Oribit Periapsis 300km Apoapsis 13 Rv Period 30 hours 12o FOV
9 Science instruments (1) 1-μm camera (IR1) by Tokyo U. λ= 1.01 μm (near-ir window) Pixels: 1024x1024, Detector: Si-CSD/CCD Cloud (day/night) Active volcanism / surface emissivity (night) 2-μm camera (IR2) by Kumamoto U. λ= 1.73, 2.26, 2.32 μm (near-ir window), 2.02 μm (CO 2 absorption), 1.65 μm (zodiacal light) Pixels: 1024x1024, Detector: PtSi Cloud / Particle size Carbon monooxide (night) Cloud top height (day) Zodiacal light (cruising) Galileo (2.3μm)
10 Science instruments (2) UV imager (UVI) by Hokkaido U. λ= 283, 365 nm Pixels: 1024x1024, Detector: SiCCD SO 2 / Unknown UV absorber (day) Longwave IR camera (LIR) by Inst. of Polar Res. λ= 8-12 μm Pixels: 240x320, Detector: uncooled bolometer Cloud top temperature (day/night) Lightning and Airglow camera (LAC) by Tohoku U. λ= 777, 551, 553, 558, 630 nm Pixels: 8x8, Detector: APD (50kHz sampling) Lightning (night) O 2 /O airglow (night)
11 Science instruments (3) Sensor Digital Electronics unit (DE) by JAXA Controlling observation sequence of cameras Onboard calibration JPEG2000 data compression Ultra-stable oscillator (Radio science) by JAXA ~10-13, provided by Timetech Co. Temperature profiles H 2 SO 4 vapor profile Ionosphere To the earth Usuda deep space center Atmosphere X-band beacon Spacecraft motion
12 1-μm camera Lightning and airglow camera 2-μm camera Longwave IR camera Ultraviolet imager
13 Radio occultation Altitude coverage velocity (m s -1 ) (km) Sounding region 20 0 Unknown momentum transport Airglow (Visible) Cloud top temperature (IR) CO 2 absorption (Near-IR) SO 2/Unknown absorber (UV) Cloud layer Lightning Lower cloud (Near-IR) CO (Near-IR) Surface (Near-IR)
14 Observation sequence in each revolution 300km x 13 R Venus Period: 30 hours Inclination: 172 deg Temperature/H 2 SO 4 vapor by radio occultation Resolution: km Global images of atmosphere and ground surface (~24 hours) Limb images (~1 hour) Resolution: km Close-up images / Lightning / Airglow (~3 hours x 2) Resolution: 1-10 km
15 Orbital motion roughly synchronized with the super-rotational flow near the cloud base Spacecraft 60 m/s westward flow near the cloud base
16 Accurate derivation of eddy motions embedded in the background super-rotation Derivation of cloud motion vectors every 2 hours km Movement with time Cloud tracked winds on the Earth
17 3-D global meteorological data Dayside Nightside Temperature H 2 SO 4 vapor (RS) SO 2 / Unknown absorber (UVI) Cloud top height (IR2) Lower clouds (IR1) Cloud motion vectors 50 km 100 km 65 km km 0 km Airglow (LAC) Cloud top temperature (LIR) Lower clouds (IR1/IR2) Carbon monooxide (IR2) Lightning (LAC) Active volcanism / Surface material (IR1)
18 Optical sounding of ground surface Search for hot lava by taking global pictures at 1.01μm several times per orbit Emissivity distribution of the ground surface Cloud feature is distinguished from surface feature by taking motion pictures and using 1.7μm and 2.3μm images which reflect cloud feature but not the surface feature.
19 Schedule 2004 Proto Model (Phase-B) start 2006 Flight Model design/manufacturing start 2009 Final integration test 2010 Launch / Arrival at Venus M-V rocket of JAXA IR2 test model
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