Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences

Transcription

1 Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences Editors: S. Bhattacharji, Brooklyn G. M. Friedman, Brooklyn and Troy H. J. Neugebauer, Bonn A. Seilacher, Tuebingen and Yale

2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hung Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo

3 Martin Breunig On the Way to Component-B ased 3Dl4D Geoinforrnation Svstems With 106 Figures and 2 Tables Springer

4 Author Prof. Dr. Martin Breunig Institute of Computer Science I11 University of Bonn Bonn Institute of Environmental Sciences University of Vechta Vechta Germany "For all Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences published till now please see final pages of the book" ISSN ISBN Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Cataloging-in-Publication data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahrne Breunig, Martin: On the way to component based 3D/4D geoinformation systems I Martin Breunig. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hongkong; London; Mailand; Paris; Singapur; Tokio: Springer (Lecture notes in earth sciences; 94) ISBN This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH O Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera ready by author Printed on acid-free paper SPIN:

5 Preface The ideas for this book were conceived during the last years when I was with GIs groups at the Technical University of Darmstadt (group of Hans-Jorg Schek) and at Bonn University (group of d i n B. Cremers). The results in the book are closely connected with two research projects that have been supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG): the collaborative research centre (SFB 350) "Interactions between and Modelling of Continental Geosystems" which was set up at Bonn University and the joint project "Interoperable Geoinformation Systems (IOGIS)". First and foremost, I am very grateful to Armin B. Cremers for the supervision of my habilitation thesis and the support of the GIs group. In the same way I am indebted to Agemar Siehl for his support during many years of collaborative work and for reading the manuscript from a geological view point at short notice. Without him I would not have arrived at Bonn at all. I thank Rainer Manthey for his valuable hints and Horst Neugebauer for his engagement within the SFB 350. He motivated me to write the English manuscript. I am also indebted to my colleagues Oleg Balovnev, Andreas Bergmann, Thomas Bode, Jorg Floren, Martin Hammel, Wolfgang Miiller, Marcus Pant, Serge; Shumilov, Jorg Siebeck, Michael Werner from the Computer Science Institute and to Rainer Alms, Christian Klesper, Tobias Jentzsch, Robert Seidemann, Andreas Thomsen, Michael Klett, Thorsten Utescher from the Geological Institute as well as Hajo Gotze and Sabine Schmidt from Free University of Berlin for many discussions and for the ever pleasant atmosphere. The trips to Berlin have completed my picture of a component-based GIs. Oleg did a great job during the GeoToolKit implementation. I am grateful to my parents who encouraged me to write this book. Finally I am most obliged to thank Christine and Philipp for their continuous encouragement and patience during the completion of this book. To Philipp I am also indebted foir lending me his rubbers, pencil-sharpeners and his modeling clay for the modeling of tetrahedra models. I thank Christine for her help and care in reading the manuscript. Last, but not least thank you to Springer for copy editing the english manuscript. Bonn, June 2000 Martin Breunig

6 Contents 1 Introduction Research Field "Geoinformation Systems" Overview Fundamental Principles "Geoinformation Science" Change of the Notion 'GIs' GIs Research in Germany: a Retrospective International Development Dl4D Geoinformation Systems On the Way to Component-Based Geoinformation Systems Geodata Modelling Peculiarities of Geoscientific Data: Spatial and Temporal Reference Pointset Topology Algebraic Topology Pointset and Algebraic Topology in Time Approaches of Spatial Data Models Field-Based Models Object-Based Models Temporal Extension of the Field-Based and the Object-Based Approach Implementation of Spatial Data Models Vector Representation Raster Representation Layer Model GISTypes Vector-Based GIS Raster-Based GIs D14D Geoinformation Systems... 21

7 2.3 GeodataManagement Functionality of a Geodatabase Spatial Access Methods ~uadtree on TO^ of B*-~ree Grid Files R-Trees From the Relational to the Object-Oriented Database Design Geodata Analysis Elementary Geometric Algorithms for GIs Applications Visualization of Spatial and Temporal Data Examples of Today's Geoinformation Systems Commercial Systems ARCmVFO SYSTEM SMALLWORLD GIs Research Prototypes GODOT GeoStore Comparison Data Modelling and Management for 3Dl4D Geoinformation Systems Relevance of Space and Time Space Time Analogies between Space and Time Topological Properties Metric Properties Field-Based and Object-Based Modelling Approximation in Space and Time Differences... 62

8 4.2 Modelling of Spatial and Temporal Objects Suitable Spatial and Temporal Representations Generalized Maps a-shapes Convex Simplicia1 Complexes Spatial and Temporal Operations Classification Spatial Topological Relationships Temporal Change of the Spatial Topology Change of Geometry, Topology and Connected Components for Objects in Time Temporal Topological Relationships Geo-Objects in Space and Time Equality of Spatio-Temporal Objects Management of Spatial and Temporal Objects Checking of Spatial and Temporal Integrity Constraints Checking of the Geometry Checking of the Topology Spatial and Temporal Database Queries Spatio-Temporal Database Access Supporting the Visualization of Large Sets of Spatio-Temporal Objects Systems Development: from Geodatabase Kernel Systems to Component- Based 3D/4D Geoinformation Systems Geodatabase Kernel Systems Requirements The DASDBS-Geokernel Concepts Architecture Coupling the DASDBS Geokernel with a Map Construction System The Object Management System Architecture Deep Embedding of 3D Data Types and Access Paths Database Query Language 109

9 5.2 TheGeoToolKit Historical Development Component-Based Architecture Data Model Spatial Representations Spatial Indexes Extensible 3D Visualization Example of an Application: Balanced Restoration of Structural Basin Evolution Realization of Geological Components for a 3D14D Geoinformation System Object Model Editor Integrity Checking Component Database Support of the Interactive Geological Modeling Support of Different Examination Areas Component for the Management of Time-Dependent Geologically Defined Geometries Data and Methods Integration Starting with the Geoscientific Phenomenon: the Meta Data Approach Retrieval of Meta Data Similarity Queries Starting with the Data: the Original Data Approach Integrated Database Views: Spatial Operators for Schema Integration ACaseStudy Integration of Different Types of Well Data Integration of the Well Data with 3D Model Data Integration of Heterogeneous Spatial Representations Theproblem Spatial Representations Used in Geoscientific 3D Tools An Example from Geology and Geophysics Objectives of the "Integrated Application" Consistent Object Exchange and Data Model Integration Geological-Geophysical 3D Object Model Methods Integration

10 7 Systems Integration Requirements Approaches for Systems Integration Coupling Mechanisms Client-Server Connection of an OODBMS Client- Server Connection via Standard UNIX Technology CORBA Communication Platform Persistency of CORB A Objects Implementation of a Component-Based Geoinformation System Access to an Open Geo-Database CORBA-Based Solution Outlook 179 References 181 Index