ATOMIC STRUCTURE. Wavelength and Frequency
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1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE Wavelength and Frequency
2 WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY
3 The Wave Nature of Light Electromagnetic Radiation aka. Radiant energy or light A form of energy having both wave and particle characteristics Moves through a vacuum at the speed of light 3.00 x 10 8 m/s
4 Wavelength Symbol - λ The distance between two adjacent peaks of a wave Units nm (nanometers = 10-9 )
5 Electromagnetic Spectrum Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size Very long radio waves the size of buildings Very short gamma-rays smaller than the size of the nucleus of an atom
6 The Visible Spectrum
7 Frequency Frequency Symbol - ν The number of waves (or cycles) that pass a given point in a second
8 Relationship? Inversely related c = λ ν Where: c = 3.00 x 108 m/s λ = wavelength (m) 1 m = 1 x 10 9 nm ν = frequency (s-1 or Hz)
9 Practice A certain violet light has a wavelength of 413 nm. What is the frequency of the light? c = λv (3.00 x 10 8 m/s) = 413 nm ( 1 m ) v 1 x 10 9 nm v = 7.26 x Hz
10 WAVELENGTH, FREQUENCY AND ENERGY
11 Planck s Hypothesis Based on experimentation, he concluded excited atoms soon lose the energy they have gained This energy occurs at specific points in the visible spectrum
12 Using Planck s Knowledge E = hn May need to calculate frequency first Where: h = Planck s constant = 6.625X10-34 Joule-sec n = frequency
13 LAB SPECTROSCOPY
14 Observing line spectra with the spectroscope High voltage electrons are used to excite the atoms in the spectrum tube. The excited atoms release the energy they gained Some of this energy is in the form of heat and some is in the form of light. A spectroscope can separate the light produced by an emission tube The pattern of "lines' or colors emitted can be used to identify an element.
15 More Spectroscopy HYDROGEN - blue SELENIUM - blue
16 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
17 We re taking a trip to We got a great deal on our trip! Yay! Less out of your pocket! We are staying in a super fancy hotel, but there are some weird rules to follow That s why we got such a good rate.
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19 Floors Hotel Rules Orbital Notation Rooms get filled in a special way. See hotel guidelines Double beds only Only put one person on each bed first until all beds in the room have one Then double up You must sleep head-to-toe to avoid germs Rooms available: s: 1 bed; 2 people p: 3 beds; 6 people d: 5 beds; 10 people f: 7 beds; 14 people Hotel motto: smile please, don t frown! Rooms
20 Floors Lets Draw Our Hotel Set Up Orbital Notation Rooms 2s 2p 1s
21 So now lets talk about Chemistry! We talked about orbitals (energy levels) Remember Now we are going to go into more depth and elaborate on this!
22 Electron Configuration/Orbital Notation Rules Aufbau principle: electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first Use chart Pauli exclusion principle: an atomic orbital my describe at most two electrons Hund s rule when electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electrons enters each orbital until all the orbitals contain one electron with parallel spins. One up, one down
23 Orbital Notation Calcium
24 Electron Configuration Notation Electron configuration - method of writing the location of electrons by sublevel Instructions: Quantum number first (1, 2, 3, 4 ) Sublevel (s, p, d, f) Superscript with the number of electrons in the sublevel Example: If the 2p sublevel contains 2 electrons, it is written 2p 2
25 Practice - Iron First, determine how many electrons are in the atom. Arrange the energy sublevels according to increasing energy and fill in appropriate number of electrons: Fe: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 6 The sum of the superscripts equals the atomic number of iron (26)
26 Now you try Strontium 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2
27 HOMEWORK FROM 11/4
28 Page #33 Write electron configurations for atoms of these elements: Selenium (Se) Vanadium (V) Nickel (Ni) Calcium (Ca) #45 Give the symbol for the atom that corresponds to each electron configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 1 4d 7 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 5d 1 6s 2 4f 7
29 SHORTHAND NOTATION
30 Shorthand Noble Gas Core Electron Configuration Electron configuration for Na is: Na: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 This gets really long, as you saw in your homework! Let s learn how to shorten it noble gas core electron configuration
31 Shorthand Abbreviate the innermost electrons with the symbol of the preceding noble gas Only valence electrons will be show this way Therefore, its written: Core electrons: electrons in [Noble Gas]. Valence electrons: electrons outside of [Noble Gas].
32 Shorthand Example - Sodium Neon completes the 2p subshell. Sodium marks the beginning of a new row. So, we write the condensed electron configuration for sodium as Na: [Ne] 3s 1 [Ne] represents the electron configuration of neon. Therefore: Na: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 Gets shortened to: Na: [Ne] 3s 1
33 PERIODIC TABLE
34 Periodic Table The periodic table can be used as a guide for electron configurations. The row number is the quantum number. Groups 1A and 2A have the s-orbital filled. Groups 3A - 8A have the p-orbital filled. Groups 3B - 2B have the d-orbital filled. The lanthanides and actinides have the f-orbital filled.
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