CANGAROO. Masaki Mori* for the CANGAROO team. *ICRR, The University of Tokyo

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1 CANGAROO Masaki Mori* for the CANGAROO team *ICRR, The University of Tokyo Astrophysics of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays, Photons, and Neutrinos (Miniprogram), May 19, 2005, KITP, UCSB 1

2 CANGAROO = Collaboration of Australia and Nippon for a GAmma Ray Observatory in the Outback Woomera, South Australia 2

3 CANGAROO team University of Adelaide Australian National University Ibaraki University Ibaraki Prefectural University Konan University Kyoto University STE Lab, Nagoya University National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Kitasato University Shinshu University Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Tokai University ICRR, University of Tokyo Yamagata University Yamanashi Gakuin University 3

4 Brief history of CANGAROO 1987: SN1987A 1990: 3.8m telescope 1990: ICRR-Adelaide Physics agreement 1992: Start obs. of 3.8m tel. 1994: PSR : SNR : 7m telescope 2000: Upgrade to 10m 2001: U.Tokyo-U.Adelaide agreement 2002: Second and third 10m tel. 2004: Four telescope system 4

5 JANZOS project in New Zealand Japan Australia New Zealand Observation of Supernova 1987A Shower particle detector array + Three Fixed Cherenkov telescopes 5

6 Why Woomera? NZ: too wet, not many clear nights Woomera: Former rocket range and prohibited area infra-structure and support Adeldaide group was operating BIGRAT ELDO rocket Launch site in 60s BIGRAT (BIcentinnial Gamma RAy Telescope) 6

7 3.8m telescope: ex. Lunar ranging Imaging camera at the prime focus Tadashi Kifune & John Patterson 7

8 CANGAROO-I results: summary Signal Publish H.E.S.S. SNR/Pulsar Crab ApJL 94 SNR SN1006 ApJL 98 SNR RX J A&AL 00 SNR W28 A&A 00 Pulsar PSR ApJL 95 Pulsar Vela ApJL 97 Pulsar PSR ApJ 00 Pulsar PSR (Ph.D. 97) AGNs: PKS , EXO , PKS , PKS A&A 98 Blazars: PKS , PKS and PKS A&A 99 Radio galaxy Cen A (Proc. 99) Signal: detected, upper limit, marginal 8

9 PSR /MSH σ Sako et al., ApJ, 537(2000) 422 9

10 CANGAROO-II telescope Upgraded in 2000 from 7m telescope completed in x 80cm CFRP mirror segments (first plastic-base mirror in the world!) Focal length 8m Alt-azimuth mount 552ch imaging camera Charge and timing electronics (March 2000) 10

11 CANGAROO-II & -III 11

12 CANGAROO-II results: summary SNR RX J Nature 02 Blazar Mrk421 ApJL 02 Starburst galaxy NGC253 AAL 03 SNR SN1987A ApJL 03 Galactic Center ApJL 04 Pulsar binary PSR /SS2883 Signal Publish ApJ 04 SNR RX J (Vela Jr.) ApJL 05 H.E.S.S. Signal: detected, upper limit, marginal 12

13 SNR RX J CANGAROO-I (Muraishi et al., 2000) CANGAROO-II (Enomoto et al., 2002) 13

14 Spectrum of RX J Reimer & Pohl, A&A 390 (2002) L43 Butt et al., Nature 418 (2002)

15 Galactic Center/Sgr A* CANGAROO-II (Tsuchiya et al., 2004) Aharonian et al., AA 425 (2004) L13 15

16 Dark matter signal from Sgr A*? Horns, Phys.Lett. B607 (2005)

17 PSR /SS2883 Obs.A Obs.B (i) aligned disc to the orbital plane and interaction throughout the orbit (ii) mis-aligned disc and interaction in the ~200-day period around periastron (τ ), during which the radio emission is depolarized (iii) mis-aligned disc and interaction in two short periods, [(τ -18 d) ~(τ ~ -8d)] and [(τ +12 d) ~ (τ +22 d)] 2001 Mar 2000 Dec CANGAROO-II: Kawachi et al., ApJ, 607(2004)

18 SNR RX J CANGAROO-II: Katagiri et al., ApJ, 619, (2005) L163 H.E.S.S. (Hofmann, Cherenkov2005) 18

19 RX J spectrum IC Spectral index 2.2 Crab-like flux π 0 H.E.S.S. (Hofmann, Cherenkov2005) CANGAROO-II: Katagiri et al., ApJ, 619, (2005) L163 19

20 Woomera: 2004 March T2 T4 T3 T1 20

21 Basic specifications of telescopes Location: S, E 160m a.s.l. Telescope: cmφ FRP mirrors (57m 2, Al surface) 8m focal length Alt-azimuth mount Camera: T1: 552ch (2.7 FOV) T2,T3,T4: 427ch (4 FOV) Electronics: TDC+ADC T2 21

22 Construction of CANGAROO-III T1 T2 T3 T telescope stereo : Construction : Observation start : Expansion to 10m : Observation : Tuning 22

23 Sample of 4-fold stereo events Data: 2004 March 23

24 Stereo analysis: still underway & in progress Inconsistency with H.E.S.S results on some sources New observations with CANGAROO III Efforts for advanced analysis procedures Measure more optical parameters CCD measurements of spotsizes and stars Use muons for calibration Tune Monte Carlo simulation Use the Crab as the standard candle Flux obtained with Monte Carlo simulation is compared with those reported by other groups Independent teams within the collaboration are working: Hereafter, referred to as Teams A, B, C Results, especially detections, are double-checked 24

25 H.E.S.S. results W.Hofmann, Cherenkov

26 Star tracking Star position error observed by a CCD camera CCD Y-axis (degree) PMT size T3 RMS deviation degree CCD X-axis (degree) 26

27 Spot size 0.7 T4 Y (vertical) Point Spread Function (FWHM) T1: 0.20 T2: 0.21 T3: 0.14 T4: 0.16 (measured at construction time) Image of a star on camera observed by a CCD camera X (horizontal) 27

28 Muon events (1) Selected by 1) clustering 2) R φ (arc length) >2deg rad 3) Small χ 2 (good fit) T2 T3 T4 R φ Data: 2004 March 28

29 Muon events (2) T4 r[ m] 8tanθ C on thefocal plane Curvature Distribution Length/size Distribution 1-7GeV : 1/r >= 1.0 [1/deg] > 7GeV : 1/r < 1.0 [1/deg] Monte Carlo simulation 29

30 Muon parameters compared with Monte Carlo T2 Histogram: data Hatched: M.C. T3 χ 2 : for ring fitting (sensitive to spot size) r: curvature radius T4 (~0.8 for v/c=1) Size/arclength total light collection efficiency χ 2 1/r size/arclength 30

31 Time variation of Size/Arclength T2 start T3 start T4 start Monitor of total light conversion efficiency T2 T3 T4 Gradually, Size/Arclength is decreasing (~5% / year) Mirror degradation due to dust etc

32 Stereo observation Angular resolution 0.25deg 0.1 deg Energy resolution 30% 15% Better S/N (no local muons) Intersection point (θ x, θ y ) Target θ 2 = θ x2 + θ y 2 Entries/bin θ 2 distribution (Simulation) θ 2 [deg 2 ]

33 Unfortunate situation for the Crab Showers from the Crab The oldest T1 has higher energy threshold and bad efficiency for stereo observation Only T2/T3/T4 are used for stereo analysis Stereo baseline becomes short for the Crab observation at large zenith angles 33

34 Large zenith angle observation of the Crab Narrower Higher energy threshold ~1TeV Bad intersection accuracy Far core small angle bad accuracy Entries/bin h 30 h θ Accept 15 <θ<165 only 34

35 Crab signal (1) Team A (simple square cuts) Nov 2003 On Preliminary Preliminary Entries/bin Off (On-Off)/bin θ 2 [deg 2 ] θ 2 [deg 2 ] Sigma : 6.19 Excess : 258±42 event Angular Resolution : 0.16 (HWHM) T2 & T3 ON 7.5hr OFF 7.0hr 35

36 Crab signal (2) Significance map Team A Differential flux Preliminary Preliminary Angular resolution for the Crab (h~35 ) ~0.17 (RA) / 0.14 (Decl) 36

37 IP constraint fit 2 2 Width( x,y) Armlength( x,y) Armlength χ + Telescopes σ w σ ARM 2 Search intersection point (IP) by minimizing χ 2 so that width along shower axis to be minimum and armlength to be near the expected value (<Armlength>=0.75, Mesh size o ) Monte Carlo Blank : After IP fit Hatched : Before IP fit 37

38 γ/h separation by Fisher discriminant Linear combination of image parameters (x i ) F α x i i i Difference between signal (γ) and background (h) D Fγ F h Determine α i which maximize separation (solvable using correlation matrix) 2 2 S D / ( D D With calculated α i for a known source, the (appropriately normalized) combination F could be the Fisher discriminant for other sources. ) h D γ F We use widths and lengths of multiple telescopes for image parameters. R.A. Fisher, Annals of Eugenics, 7 (1936)

39 Crab signal (3) Team B (with IP fit & Fisher D.) Points: On-source Hatched: Off-source Entries/bin Preliminary Monte Carlo γ T2 & T3 890 min (Dec.2003) θ 2 [deg 2 ] Fisher discriminant 39

40 Crab spectrum Team B (with IP fit & Fisher D.) Flux (cm -2 s -1 ) Preliminary HEGRA T2 & T min (Dec.2003) Energy (TeV) 40

41 Cen A: the nearest AGN S. Kabuki CANGAROO-III Angular resolution Elliptical Radio galaxy Fanaroff-Riley type I Misaligned BL Lac (~ 60 o ) Distance 3.5 Mpc (z= ) No signal seen Near infrared image 2MASS µm Observation term Observation time (T2-T3) Observation time (T2-T4) Average zenith angle Mar min 414 min 17 degree Apr min 468 min 17 degree Preliminary Total 1047 min 882 min 41

42 Cen A: flux limit S. Kabuki Preliminary CANGAROO-III Crab Upper limit: ~7% Crab Energy bin (GeV) 2 σ upper limit flux ( cm -2 sec -1 ) Note that this is a highly variable source, and the TeV claim in 70 s was based on observations during its flaring activity. 42

43 Cen A activity in the past Grindlay et al.apj 197 (1975) L9 Turner et al., ApJ 475 (1997)

44 Galactic diffuse emission Milagro 4.5σ detection 44

45 Observation of the Galactic disk M. Ohishi T2-T4 l= Jun Obs.term tel.pair b=0 (Obs.time in minutes) b=-3 b= Jun T2-T Jun T2-T l= Jun/Aug Obs.term tel.pair ON OFF 2004Jun T2-T T2-T3 EL>45deg E th ~600 GeV 2004Jun 2004Aug 2004Aug T2-T4 T2-T3 T2-T

46 Galactic disk scan result M. Ohishi l =19.5 Preliminary No excess at the disk! (expected σ~1deg) 46

47 M. Ohishi, preliminary Galactic diffuse emission: upper limit Preliminary C-III 2σ upper limit C-III 2σ upper limit Milagro 4.5σ detection C-III 2σ upper limit CANGAROO-III: syst.error included Other TeV obs: Cygnus regions 47

48 Galactic diffuse emission: GeV bump Hard cosmic-ray spectrum? Mori, ApJ 478 (1997) 225 Inverse Compton? Pohl & Esposito, ApJ 507 (1998) 327 pp π 0 X cross section? Diffractive interaction & scaling violation Kamae, Abe & Koi, ApJ 620 (2005) 244 Dark gas contribution 3EG catalogue may be changed (but not spectra) Grenier et al., Science 307 (2005)

49 Diffractive interaction included Kamae, Abe & Koi, ApJ 620 (2005)

50 Dark gas contribution (old) EGRET catalogue (new) Grenier, Cherenkov2005 poster 50

51 SNR RX J Team B Very preliminary Entries/bin Very preliminary T2 & T3 θ 2 [deg 2 ] Fisher discriminant Fisher D. set at the Crab level 1204min (Jan.15-Feb.24, 2004) For single telescope observations, see Katagiri et al., ApJ 619 (2005) L163 51

52 SN1006 Team A Blank: CANGAROO-I hot spot Hatched: Off-source Entries/bin Very preliminary θ 2 [deg 2 ] Square cuts at the Crab level T2 & T3 ON 1954min OFF 1606min (May 14-26, 2005) 52

53 Vela pulsar Team B Entries/bin Very preliminary Entries/bin Very preliminary Pulsar position CANGAROO-I position θ 2 [deg 2 ] Fisher D. set at the Crab level T2 & T3 θ 2 [deg 2 ] 1311min (Jan.17-Feb.25, 2004) 53

54 Global trigger system Before: software trigger Telescopes Each telescopes triggered independently Now: hardware stereo Requires at least 2 telescopes If no coincidence Reset Dead time 1/ m Opt.fiber Trigger 650ns Coincidence Opt.fiber Trigger Event number d 100m t=d/c < 500ns variable Telescopes Turnaround ~2.5ms Wait time ~5ms 54

55 Effect of global triggers without global trigger with global trigger hadron muon without global trigger with global trigger Length/size Muon events are removed! 55

56 Summary We have been carrying out 4-telescope stereo observations of sub-tev gamma-rays since 2004 March. Now we have incorporated a global trigger system to reduce muons. Stereo analyses are being developed using muons for calibration, and the energy spectrum of the Crab is consistent with other results. Preliminary results on Cen A and the Galactic disk show no gamma-ray signal. SNR RX J appears as extended source, and the morphological study is progressing. Observations of SN1006 and Vela pulsar were made by using CANGAROO III telescopes. Very preliminary analyses appear to show no significant signals, which may suggest upper limits lower than the CANGAROO-I fluxes obtained several years ago. 56