UNIT 1: The Scientific Method Chapter 1: The Nature of Science (pages 5-35)

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1 CORNELL NOTES Directions: You must create a minimum of 5 questions in this column per page (average). Use these to study your notes and prepare for tests and quizzes. Notes will be turned in to your teacher at the end of the Unit for scoring. UNIT 1: The Scientific Method Chapter 1: The Nature of Science (pages 5-35) I. The Methods of Science A. What is Science? 1. A method for studying the world. 2. Scientist ask to learn about natural world. 3. Science broken down into main categories a. Life Science- deals with things b. Earth Science- investigates and space c. Physical Science- deals with and. 4. Scientific explanations help you to understand the natural world. a. Sometimes explanations need to be b. New provides more accurate answers 5. Scientist learn about the natural world by performing a. Some involve only b. Others involve setting up that test the effect of one thing on another B. Scientific Methods 1. Scientists follow a general pattern of investigation called the and include 6 common steps. a. Step 1: Stating a problem- the question of or b. Step 2: Researching and gathering - learn as much as possible about the background of the problem

2 c. Step 3: Forming a - a possible explanation for a problem using what you know and observe. d. Step 4: a Hypothesis- can be tested using several techniques 1). Some tested by 2). Some tested by building a and relating to real-life situations 3). Performing an experiment by testing effect of one thing on another using conditions a). - a factor that can cause a change in the results of an experiment. Most experiments contain at least variables. variable- changes according to changes in other variables variable- the variable you change to see how it will affect the dependent variable - variables that you keep the same - a standard by which the test results can be compared e. Step 5: Analyzing the Data- interpreting the data f. Step 6: Drawing Conclusions- based on analysis, you decide whether hypothesis is supported. If not, you revise hypothesis

3 Modify Hypothesis Repeat Several times C. Visualizing with Models 1. - represents an idea, event, or object to help people better understand it. 2. Models have been used throughout history 3. Today, many scientist use various like computer to build models D. Scientific Theories and Laws 1. - an explanation based on knowledge gained from many experiments and investigations 2. Scientific - a statement about what happens in nature and seems to be true all of the time E. The Limitations of Science 1. Science can help explain many things about the world, but has 2. It must be to be considered scientific F. Using Science - Technology 1. Technology- the application of to help people 2. Science and technology do not always produce results

4 II. Standards of Measurement A. Units and Standards 1. A standard is an exact that people to use to compare measurements 2. Units of measurement need to be agreed upon B. Precision and Accuracy 1. - describes how closely measurements are to each other and how carefully measurements were made 2. - compares a measurement to the real or accepted value. 3. to be both precise and accurate C. International System of Units 1. Improved version of system developed in 1960 (International System of Units- abbreviated SI) 2. Based on multiples of 3. Standard system used throughout the 4. Each type of measurement has a unit 5. Each quantity has a for that unit SI Base Units Quantity Measured Unit Symbol Length Mass Time Electric Current Temperature Amount of substance Intensity of light m kg s A K mol cd

5 6. SI - used with names of units to indicate what multiple of ten should be used Common SI Prefixes Prefix Symbol Multiplying Factor k 1,000 d 0.1 c 0.01 m µ n Converting between SI units D. Measuring Distance a. Sometimes need to change ( ) one unit into another (e.g. ml to L) b. Use conversion (e.g ml = 1 L) 1. Length- between two points a. Metric unit of length is a b. Choosing a unit of length - unit you use will depend on of the object being measured c. Avoid digit numbers and numbers withmany places this way d. Different used for different measurements 4. Volume- amount of occupied by an object a. For rectangle V = b. Measuring liquid volume- indicates of container c. Most common units are and d. 1 ml =

6 5. Measuring Matter a. Mass- quantity of in an object b. Most common units are and c. - mass per unit volume d. units- combination of different SI units (e.g. density = g/cm 3 ) 6. Measuring Time and Temperature III. Communicating with Graphs A. A visual display a. - interval between events. SI unit = b. Temperature- measurement of how or something is 1). Usually measured on (C) scale (freezing = C, boiling = C) 2). Kelvin and Fahrenheit- SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). (0 K is coldest possible temperature) ( = -273 C) 1. Results of experiments often graphed to detect in the data 2. Graph- display of information or data 3. Different graphs used to display different types of B. Line Graphs 1. Shows where the dependent variable changes due to change in independent variable 2. Can reveal (e.g. Stock market) 4. Constructing line graphs

7 a. variable on y-axis and on x-axis b. Connect points in graph to make line C. Bar Graphs 1. Useful in information collected by 2. Dependent variable on -axis and independent on -axis D. Circle Graphs 1. Also called a graph 2. Shows how some quantity is broken down into

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