Paper 3A3 The Equations of Fluid Flow and Their Numerical Solution Handout 1
|
|
- Lora Tucker
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Paper 3A3 The Equaios of Fluid Flow ad Their Numerical Soluio Hadou Iroducio A grea ma fluid flow problems are ow solved b use of Compuaioal Fluid Damics (CFD) packages. Oe of he major obsacles o he good use of he resulig umerical soluios is how o evaluae heir accurac, which i ur meas udersadig he assumpios ad limiaios of he mehods used. The ol real wa of doig his is o use he udersadig of he basic priciples of fluid flow as covered i he res of papers 3A-4, ogeher wih a udersadig of he geeral limiaios of umerical mehods, which we will ouch o i his par of he course. I he few lecures available here here is ime ol o cosider a ver brief iroducio o he equaios ad he mehods used o solve hem. A more exesive course, based mail o coursework, is available i he 4A module i he fourh ear. Oulie of Course Some umerical basics. The equaios of moio. Phsical ierpreaio ad heir formulaio as differeial equaios or corol volume (iegral) equaios. The problem of urbulece. Hierarch of levels of simplificaio. 3 Numerical approximaios. Order of accurac. Poi sabili aalsis. Classificaio as hperbolic, ellipic ad parabolic equaios. 4 Example of a parabolic equaio he soluio of he D boudar laer equaios. A simple urbulece model. 5 Example of a ellipic equaio he soluio of he D compressible poeial flow equaio. 6 Example of a hperbolic equaio he soluio of he D Euler equaios. There ma ol be ime o cover of 4, 5 & 6. Books There are ma books o CFD; mos of hem are far oo deailed for his course. The oe perhaps mos suiable bu sill far oo deailed is: Compuaioal Fluid Damics The Basics wih Applicaios b J D Aderso Jr. McGraw-Hill 995 Oher Ifo 5 lecures, example paper, plus (opioal) DPO sessio (Thur Wk 9, -). This sessio replaces oe of he 6 scheduled lecures. There will be o lecure o Thu 8 h March (Wk 8). There are a umber of compuer demosraios/matlab exercises associaed wih his course. Occasioall, I will give ou he odd MATLAB scrip for ou o pla wih. This will be doe b dowloadig from websie:- hp://
2 Some Numerical Basics Before examiig echiques for he parial differeial equaios applicable o fluid flow, i is worh examiig some simple ordiar differeial cases problems ha we ca solve b oher (aalic) meas so ha we ca check he resuls. Problem Solve d subjec o he boudar codiios:- for which he soluio is, of course, + Ω = () d = = Ω ( ) ( ) ( ) si = Ω. Fiie Differece Scheme The aural wa o represe a fucio of ime umericall is o divide ime io discree seps each of legh, ad o keep rack of he values of a he ed of each ime ierval. Deoe he value of a = b (=,,,...). A umerical esimae of he derivaive of a ime ca be foud b cosiderig he slope of he lie joiig successive pois. d + = + Oe ca hik of his as approximaig he fucio over he ierval b a simple fucio (i his case a sraigh lie) ad usig his approximaio as a meas of esimaig he derivaive. To esimae he value of he secod derivaive (which is relaed o curvaure) a a give ime, sraigh lie approximaios o i each ierval are o good eough. The ex level of complexi would be o ake a local quadraic fi o. A quadraic passig hrough cosecuive pois ca be show o be approx = α( ) + β( ) + γ where α = β = This has d + + approx = α = The origial differeial equaio has ow become a differece equaio. (A fiie differece approx) d + Ω = γ = Ω = +
3 Algorihm The differece equaio ca be recas as ( ) + = Ω () To solve his eeds wo iiial codiios ad. Whe hese are kow, ad all d succeedig values ca be geeraed i ur. The iiial codiios are ( ) which become = ad = Ω i.e. = ad ( ) = Ω The figure shows he case of Ω= ad =.. The circles are geeraed from he differece equaio, while he solid lie is he aalic, exac soluio. I is difficul o see he error. = Ω We have followed his procedure for a rivial equaio. I applies wihou modificaio o much more complicaed equaios which ca o be solved aalicall. Turig he differeial equaio io a differece oe is jus as eas for complicaed equaios. E.g. d Check + e si = + + ( ) + = e si + + e si = The ver saisfacor agreeme obaied i he above figure is far from he whole sor. Le us examie he soluios of he differece equaio i more deail. Pu = λ λ ( Ω ) λ + = 3
4 Ω Ω i.e. λ = ± iω 4 Ω Ω ad λ = ±Ω 4 leadig o a geeral soluio = Aλ + Bλ whe Ω < whe Ω > Case (a) Ω < Noe ha for each of he λ's Ω Ω Re( λ) + Im( λ) = +Ω 4 i Sice he have modulus oe, he firs roo ca be wrie λ = e α i ad he secod is λ = e α. Applig he boudar codiios gives A+ B = ad iα iα Ae + Be = Ω iα iα ( ) Ω = e e iα iα e e Now for small values of Ω, α ( λ ) A = B = = e iα Ω e Ω si α siα = iα givig si = Im Ω which meas α Ω. The form for he soluio o he differece equaio becomes si Ω = si Ω agreeig wih he exac soluio of he differeial equaio. As Ω ges larger, is sill periodic, bu he ampliude of oscillaio is o loger ui ad he period is differe o Ω. The figure shows Ω = ad =.5 4
5 Case (b) Ω > We fid i his case (exercise) ha λ > ad λ <. The geeral soluio = Aλ + Bλ as. The figure shows he case Ω = ad =.. Aalsis (i) If Ω, i.e. π, he clearl Ω ad d + d are good approximaios ad he soluio of he differece equaio is close o he soluio of he differeial equaio. 5
6 If is comparable wih π Ω, he d + ad d + + is pure ficio. Clearl has o be chose o be much smaller ha he wavelegh (or ime over which we have sigifica variaio) of he soluio. I his case, we kow Ω. I mos cases we do o. + (ii) This raises he geeral quesio of jus how accurae is he soluio. The wa o assess i is b Talor's heorem. 3 3 d d d ( + ) = ( ) (a)! 3! 3 Thus ad 3 3 d d d ( ) = ( ) (b)! 3! 3 ( + ) 3 ( ) d d d = ! 3! 3 ( + ) 4 ( ) + ( ) d d = (c) 4! 4 The approximaio for d + d ad ha for + + is he accurae o firs order i he imesep, is secod order accurae. All of he erms egleced o he righ had side of hese equaios are referred o as he rucaio error. A glace a equaios (a) ad (b) above shows ha sice he erms o he righ had side of (b) alerae i sig, while hose of (a) all have he same sig, he if we add or subrac (a) ad (b) ol alerae erms will survive. This meas ha, if we use a combiaio which has smmer abou he ceral poi (as i case (c) above), he rucaio error will be a leas secod order. Such smmeric expressios are referred o as ceral differeces. 6
7 We sared wih polomial fis o a fucio i order o creae approximaios o derivaives. Talor series expasios, like (a) ad (b) above, ca also be used o do his. We ca make he idea skeched above ha he size of has o be small i compariso wih he scale over which he soluio o he differeial equaio varies more precise b hikig of he properies of he soluios obaied o he differeial ad he differece equaios. i The soluio o he differeial equaio is of he form e Ω givig iω ( + u( +) e ) iω = = e u( ) iω e The correspodig soluio o he differece equaio is of he form λ Ω Ω λ = + iω 4 This meas ha u + Ω λ i Ω = = + Ω u 4 For small, u( +) u ( ) i 3 Ω ( Ω ) ( ) Ω = e = + iω i +...! 3! u Ω Ω = λ = + iω + i +... u 8 The sharp-eed amogs ou will ask abou he boudar codiios ha we applied a =. The approximaio for he derivaive a he origi was ol firs order accurae, bu his did o seem o be refleced i he accurac of he soluio here. The aswer o his is ha we were luck! I geeral, a firs order accurae boudar codiio will lead o a firs order accurae soluio. I his case, however, he rucaio error i he derivaive a =, was of he form ( ) ( ) 3 d d d = ! 3!... ad i jus happeed ha d = (iii) Someimes he properies of he differece equaio bear o relaioship o hose of he differeial equaio. For example, he umber of idepede soluios of he differece equaio is ofe o he same as he umber of idepede soluios of he differeial equaio. Someimes he differece equaio is usable o maer how small. A good example of his pe of behaviour appears o he examples paper. See quesio. Everhig ha has bee said abou he soluio of ode s here applies also o PDE s. As he course progresses, we shall see ha ode s are, i fac, relaivel beig! 7
8 Simple Hea Coducio Equaio. Le us cosider a similar exercise for he scalar diffusio equaio (e.g. hea coducio equaio i a bar, wih he emperaures of he eds held cosa). u u = ν x u = u L = wih he boudar codiios ( ) ( ) A ime =, he iiial value of u is give b (,) u x x L for < x< L = x L for < x< L L This ime we discreise space ad ime ad deoe our approximaio o u a x= i x, = If we use a cered differece represeaio for a oe-sided represeaio for u, we have: + ui ui ui+ ui + ui = ν x u x Usig he Talor series expasios above, his meas + u 3 i ui u u u = i,! 3! i, i, u 4 i+ ui + ui u x u = + + 4! 4 x x i, x i, So ha he rucaio error is ow O(, x ) ad secod order accurae i space). N.B. NOT i = or N x (3) ad u... = + O( ) u... = + O( x ) x (or our approximaio is firs order accurae i ime ( + ) + ν ui = ui + u i ui + ui x for < i< Nx Jus as for he ode, we ca solve equaio () for u i + ad ierae forward i ime. i.e. if we kow u i for all i (i.e. i Nx a some ime =, his equaio is solved for each value of i i ur o geerae u i + for all i (< i< Nx ). We ca also fid values for u i + for i = ad i = N x usig he boudar codiios. 8
9 Figure shows he umerical soluio for wo choices of imesep give b ν (i) =.49 x (ii) ν x = ν We will show i a laer lecure ha he heoreical limi for sabili is = x.5 9
10 The followig MATLAB (or OCTAVE) m file produced hese plos. x=; for i=:x x(i) = (i-)*./(x-); if i < x/ u(i) = *x(i); else u(i) = *(.-x(i)); ed ed hold o; plo(x,u,'r','liewih',.5); al =.49; = ; plo=; for =: for i=:x- u(i) = u(i)+al*(u(i+)-*u(i)+u(i-)); ed u() = ; u(x) = ; if rem(,plo)== plo(x,u,'b','liewih',.5); ed u = u; ed hold off;
Ideal Amplifier/Attenuator. Memoryless. where k is some real constant. Integrator. System with memory
Liear Time-Ivaria Sysems (LTI Sysems) Oulie Basic Sysem Properies Memoryless ad sysems wih memory (saic or dyamic) Causal ad o-causal sysems (Causaliy) Liear ad o-liear sysems (Lieariy) Sable ad o-sable
More informationSTK4080/9080 Survival and event history analysis
STK48/98 Survival ad eve hisory aalysis Marigales i discree ime Cosider a sochasic process The process M is a marigale if Lecure 3: Marigales ad oher sochasic processes i discree ime (recap) where (formally
More informationN! AND THE GAMMA FUNCTION
N! AND THE GAMMA FUNCTION Cosider he produc of he firs posiive iegers- 3 4 5 6 (-) =! Oe calls his produc he facorial ad has ha produc of he firs five iegers equals 5!=0. Direcly relaed o he discree! fucio
More informationANALYSIS OF THE CHAOS DYNAMICS IN (X n,x n+1) PLANE
ANALYSIS OF THE CHAOS DYNAMICS IN (X,X ) PLANE Soegiao Soelisioo, The Houw Liog Badug Isiue of Techolog (ITB) Idoesia soegiao@sude.fi.ib.ac.id Absrac I he las decade, sudies of chaoic ssem are more ofe
More information1. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients and by the method of variation of parameters. (4)
7 Differeial equaios Review Solve by he mehod of udeermied coefficies ad by he mehod of variaio of parameers (4) y y = si Soluio; we firs solve he homogeeous equaio (4) y y = 4 The correspodig characerisic
More informationComparison between Fourier and Corrected Fourier Series Methods
Malaysia Joural of Mahemaical Scieces 7(): 73-8 (13) MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES Joural homepage: hp://eispem.upm.edu.my/oural Compariso bewee Fourier ad Correced Fourier Series Mehods 1
More informationSection 8 Convolution and Deconvolution
APPLICATIONS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING Secio 8 Covoluio ad Decovoluio This docume illusraes several echiques for carryig ou covoluio ad decovoluio i Mahcad. There are several operaors available for hese fucios:
More informationODEs II, Supplement to Lectures 6 & 7: The Jordan Normal Form: Solving Autonomous, Homogeneous Linear Systems. April 2, 2003
ODEs II, Suppleme o Lecures 6 & 7: The Jorda Normal Form: Solvig Auoomous, Homogeeous Liear Sysems April 2, 23 I his oe, we describe he Jorda ormal form of a marix ad use i o solve a geeral homogeeous
More informationBEST LINEAR FORECASTS VS. BEST POSSIBLE FORECASTS
BEST LINEAR FORECASTS VS. BEST POSSIBLE FORECASTS Opimal ear Forecasig Alhough we have o meioed hem explicily so far i he course, here are geeral saisical priciples for derivig he bes liear forecas, ad
More informationLecture 15 First Properties of the Brownian Motion
Lecure 15: Firs Properies 1 of 8 Course: Theory of Probabiliy II Term: Sprig 2015 Isrucor: Gorda Zikovic Lecure 15 Firs Properies of he Browia Moio This lecure deals wih some of he more immediae properies
More informationDavid Randall. ( )e ikx. k = u x,t. u( x,t)e ikx dx L. x L /2. Recall that the proof of (1) and (2) involves use of the orthogonality condition.
! Revised April 21, 2010 1:27 P! 1 Fourier Series David Radall Assume ha u( x,) is real ad iegrable If he domai is periodic, wih period L, we ca express u( x,) exacly by a Fourier series expasio: ( ) =
More information2 f(x) dx = 1, 0. 2f(x 1) dx d) 1 4t t6 t. t 2 dt i)
Mah PracTes Be sure o review Lab (ad all labs) There are los of good quesios o i a) Sae he Mea Value Theorem ad draw a graph ha illusraes b) Name a impora heorem where he Mea Value Theorem was used i he
More informationCalculus BC 2015 Scoring Guidelines
AP Calculus BC 5 Scorig Guidelies 5 The College Board. College Board, Advaced Placeme Program, AP, AP Ceral, ad he acor logo are regisered rademarks of he College Board. AP Ceral is he official olie home
More informationBig O Notation for Time Complexity of Algorithms
BRONX COMMUNITY COLLEGE of he Ciy Uiversiy of New York DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE CSI 33 Secio E01 Hadou 1 Fall 2014 Sepember 3, 2014 Big O Noaio for Time Complexiy of Algorihms Time
More informationNumerical Solution of Parabolic Volterra Integro-Differential Equations via Backward-Euler Scheme
America Joural of Compuaioal ad Applied Maemaics, (6): 77-8 DOI:.59/.acam.6. Numerical Soluio of Parabolic Volerra Iegro-Differeial Equaios via Bacward-Euler Sceme Ali Filiz Deparme of Maemaics, Ada Mederes
More informationIf boundary values are necessary, they are called mixed initial-boundary value problems. Again, the simplest prototypes of these IV problems are:
3. Iiial value problems: umerical soluio Fiie differeces - Trucaio errors, cosisecy, sabiliy ad covergece Crieria for compuaioal sabiliy Explici ad implici ime schemes Table of ime schemes Hyperbolic ad
More informationNumerical Method for Ordinary Differential Equation
Numerical ehod for Ordiar Differeial Equaio. J. aro ad R. J. Lopez, Numerical Aalsis: A Pracical Approach, 3rd Ed., Wadsworh Publishig Co., Belmo, CA (99): Chap. 8.. Iiial Value Problem (IVP) d (IVP):
More informationLecture 9: Polynomial Approximations
CS 70: Complexiy Theory /6/009 Lecure 9: Polyomial Approximaios Isrucor: Dieer va Melkebeek Scribe: Phil Rydzewski & Piramaayagam Arumuga Naiar Las ime, we proved ha o cosa deph circui ca evaluae he pariy
More informationTime Dependent Queuing
Time Depede Queuig Mark S. Daski Deparme of IE/MS, Norhweser Uiversiy Evaso, IL 628 Sprig, 26 Oulie Will look a M/M/s sysem Numerically iegraio of Chapma- Kolmogorov equaios Iroducio o Time Depede Queue
More informationECE 570 Session 7 IC 752-E Computer Aided Engineering for Integrated Circuits. Transient analysis. Discuss time marching methods used in SPICE
ECE 570 Sessio 7 IC 75-E Compuer Aided Egieerig for Iegraed Circuis Trasie aalysis Discuss ime marcig meods used i SPICE. Time marcig meods. Explici ad implici iegraio meods 3. Implici meods used i circui
More informationThe Solution of the One Species Lotka-Volterra Equation Using Variational Iteration Method ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
Malaysia Joural of Mahemaical Scieces 2(2): 55-6 (28) The Soluio of he Oe Species Loka-Volerra Equaio Usig Variaioal Ieraio Mehod B. Baiha, M.S.M. Noorai, I. Hashim School of Mahemaical Scieces, Uiversii
More informationExtremal graph theory II: K t and K t,t
Exremal graph heory II: K ad K, Lecure Graph Theory 06 EPFL Frak de Zeeuw I his lecure, we geeralize he wo mai heorems from he las lecure, from riagles K 3 o complee graphs K, ad from squares K, o complee
More informationManipulations involving the signal amplitude (dependent variable).
Oulie Maipulaio of discree ime sigals: Maipulaios ivolvig he idepede variable : Shifed i ime Operaios. Foldig, reflecio or ime reversal. Time Scalig. Maipulaios ivolvig he sigal ampliude (depede variable).
More informationF D D D D F. smoothed value of the data including Y t the most recent data.
Module 2 Forecasig 1. Wha is forecasig? Forecasig is defied as esimaig he fuure value ha a parameer will ake. Mos scieific forecasig mehods forecas he fuure value usig pas daa. I Operaios Maageme forecasig
More information1 Notes on Little s Law (l = λw)
Copyrigh c 26 by Karl Sigma Noes o Lile s Law (l λw) We cosider here a famous ad very useful law i queueig heory called Lile s Law, also kow as l λw, which assers ha he ime average umber of cusomers i
More informationOLS bias for econometric models with errors-in-variables. The Lucas-critique Supplementary note to Lecture 17
OLS bias for ecoomeric models wih errors-i-variables. The Lucas-criique Supplemeary oe o Lecure 7 RNy May 6, 03 Properies of OLS i RE models I Lecure 7 we discussed he followig example of a raioal expecaios
More informationFour equations describe the dynamic solution to RBC model. Consumption-leisure efficiency condition. Consumption-investment efficiency condition
LINEARIZING AND APPROXIMATING THE RBC MODEL SEPTEMBER 7, 200 For f( x, y, z ), mulivariable Taylor liear expasio aroud ( x, yz, ) f ( x, y, z) f( x, y, z) + f ( x, y, z)( x x) + f ( x, y, z)( y y) + f
More informationElectrical Engineering Department Network Lab.
Par:- Elecrical Egieerig Deparme Nework Lab. Deermiaio of differe parameers of -por eworks ad verificaio of heir ierrelaio ships. Objecive: - To deermie Y, ad ABD parameers of sigle ad cascaded wo Por
More informationSolutions to selected problems from the midterm exam Math 222 Winter 2015
Soluios o seleced problems from he miderm eam Mah Wier 5. Derive he Maclauri series for he followig fucios. (cf. Pracice Problem 4 log( + (a L( d. Soluio: We have he Maclauri series log( + + 3 3 4 4 +...,
More informationProblems and Solutions for Section 3.2 (3.15 through 3.25)
3-7 Problems ad Soluios for Secio 3 35 hrough 35 35 Calculae he respose of a overdamped sigle-degree-of-freedom sysem o a arbirary o-periodic exciaio Soluio: From Equaio 3: x = # F! h "! d! For a overdamped
More informationK3 p K2 p Kp 0 p 2 p 3 p
Mah 80-00 Mo Ar 0 Chaer 9 Fourier Series ad alicaios o differeial equaios (ad arial differeial equaios) 9.-9. Fourier series defiiio ad covergece. The idea of Fourier series is relaed o he liear algebra
More informationApproximating Solutions for Ginzburg Landau Equation by HPM and ADM
Available a hp://pvamu.edu/aam Appl. Appl. Mah. ISSN: 193-9466 Vol. 5, No. Issue (December 1), pp. 575 584 (Previously, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 167 1681) Applicaios ad Applied Mahemaics: A Ieraioal Joural
More informationMath 6710, Fall 2016 Final Exam Solutions
Mah 67, Fall 6 Fial Exam Soluios. Firs, a sude poied ou a suble hig: if P (X i p >, he X + + X (X + + X / ( evaluaes o / wih probabiliy p >. This is roublesome because a radom variable is supposed o be
More informationInference of the Second Order Autoregressive. Model with Unit Roots
Ieraioal Mahemaical Forum Vol. 6 0 o. 5 595-604 Iferece of he Secod Order Auoregressive Model wih Ui Roos Ahmed H. Youssef Professor of Applied Saisics ad Ecoomerics Isiue of Saisical Sudies ad Research
More informationMath 2414 Homework Set 7 Solutions 10 Points
Mah Homework Se 7 Soluios 0 Pois #. ( ps) Firs verify ha we ca use he iegral es. The erms are clearly posiive (he epoeial is always posiive ad + is posiive if >, which i is i his case). For decreasig we
More informationNotes 03 largely plagiarized by %khc
1 1 Discree-Time Covoluio Noes 03 largely plagiarized by %khc Le s begi our discussio of covoluio i discree-ime, sice life is somewha easier i ha domai. We sar wih a sigal x[] ha will be he ipu io our
More informationCalculus Limits. Limit of a function.. 1. One-Sided Limits...1. Infinite limits 2. Vertical Asymptotes...3. Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws.
Limi of a fucio.. Oe-Sided..... Ifiie limis Verical Asympoes... Calculaig Usig he Limi Laws.5 The Squeeze Theorem.6 The Precise Defiiio of a Limi......7 Coiuiy.8 Iermediae Value Theorem..9 Refereces..
More informationECE 350 Matlab-Based Project #3
ECE 350 Malab-Based Projec #3 Due Dae: Nov. 26, 2008 Read he aached Malab uorial ad read he help files abou fucio i, subs, sem, bar, sum, aa2. he wrie a sigle Malab M file o complee he followig ask for
More informationLINEAR APPROXIMATION OF THE BASELINE RBC MODEL SEPTEMBER 17, 2013
LINEAR APPROXIMATION OF THE BASELINE RBC MODEL SEPTEMBER 7, 203 Iroducio LINEARIZATION OF THE RBC MODEL For f( xyz,, ) = 0, mulivariable Taylor liear expasio aroud f( xyz,, ) f( xyz,, ) + f( xyz,, )( x
More informationLINEAR APPROXIMATION OF THE BASELINE RBC MODEL JANUARY 29, 2013
LINEAR APPROXIMATION OF THE BASELINE RBC MODEL JANUARY 29, 203 Iroducio LINEARIZATION OF THE RBC MODEL For f( x, y, z ) = 0, mulivariable Taylor liear expasio aroud f( x, y, z) f( x, y, z) + f ( x, y,
More informationExtended Laguerre Polynomials
I J Coemp Mah Scieces, Vol 7, 1, o, 189 194 Exeded Laguerre Polyomials Ada Kha Naioal College of Busiess Admiisraio ad Ecoomics Gulberg-III, Lahore, Pakisa adakhaariq@gmailcom G M Habibullah Naioal College
More informationECE-314 Fall 2012 Review Questions
ECE-34 Fall 0 Review Quesios. A liear ime-ivaria sysem has he ipu-oupu characerisics show i he firs row of he diagram below. Deermie he oupu for he ipu show o he secod row of he diagram. Jusify your aswer.
More informationReview Answers for E&CE 700T02
Review Aswers for E&CE 700T0 . Deermie he curre soluio, all possible direcios, ad sepsizes wheher improvig or o for he simple able below: 4 b ma c 0 0 0-4 6 0 - B N B N ^0 0 0 curre sol =, = Ch for - -
More informationS n. = n. Sum of first n terms of an A. P is
PROGREION I his secio we discuss hree impora series amely ) Arihmeic Progressio (A.P), ) Geomeric Progressio (G.P), ad 3) Harmoic Progressio (H.P) Which are very widely used i biological scieces ad humaiies.
More informationUsing Linnik's Identity to Approximate the Prime Counting Function with the Logarithmic Integral
Usig Lii's Ideiy o Approimae he Prime Couig Fucio wih he Logarihmic Iegral Naha McKezie /26/2 aha@icecreambreafas.com Summary:This paper will show ha summig Lii's ideiy from 2 o ad arragig erms i a cerai
More informationFresnel Dragging Explained
Fresel Draggig Explaied 07/05/008 Decla Traill Decla@espace.e.au The Fresel Draggig Coefficie required o explai he resul of he Fizeau experime ca be easily explaied by usig he priciples of Eergy Field
More informationPure Math 30: Explained!
ure Mah : Explaied! www.puremah.com 6 Logarihms Lesso ar Basic Expoeial Applicaios Expoeial Growh & Decay: Siuaios followig his ype of chage ca be modeled usig he formula: (b) A = Fuure Amou A o = iial
More informationSamuel Sindayigaya 1, Nyongesa L. Kennedy 2, Adu A.M. Wasike 3
Ieraioal Joural of Saisics ad Aalysis. ISSN 48-9959 Volume 6, Number (6, pp. -8 Research Idia Publicaios hp://www.ripublicaio.com The Populaio Mea ad is Variace i he Presece of Geocide for a Simple Birh-Deah-
More informationINTEGER INTERVAL VALUE OF NEWTON DIVIDED DIFFERENCE AND FORWARD AND BACKWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA
Volume 8 No. 8, 45-54 ISSN: 34-3395 (o-lie versio) url: hp://www.ijpam.eu ijpam.eu INTEGER INTERVAL VALUE OF NEWTON DIVIDED DIFFERENCE AND FORWARD AND BACKWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA A.Arul dass M.Dhaapal
More informationL-functions and Class Numbers
L-fucios ad Class Numbers Sude Number Theory Semiar S. M.-C. 4 Sepember 05 We follow Romyar Sharifi s Noes o Iwasawa Theory, wih some help from Neukirch s Algebraic Number Theory. L-fucios of Dirichle
More informationSUMMATION OF INFINITE SERIES REVISITED
SUMMATION OF INFINITE SERIES REVISITED I several aricles over he las decade o his web page we have show how o sum cerai iiie series icludig he geomeric series. We wa here o eed his discussio o he geeral
More informationC(p, ) 13 N. Nuclear reactions generate energy create new isotopes and elements. Notation for stellar rates: p 12
Iroducio o sellar reacio raes Nuclear reacios geerae eergy creae ew isoopes ad elemes Noaio for sellar raes: p C 3 N C(p,) 3 N The heavier arge ucleus (Lab: arge) he ligher icomig projecile (Lab: beam)
More informationClock Skew and Signal Representation
Clock Skew ad Sigal Represeaio Ch. 7 IBM Power 4 Chip 0/7/004 08 frequecy domai Program Iroducio ad moivaio Sequeial circuis, clock imig, Basic ools for frequecy domai aalysis Fourier series sigal represeaio
More informationCOS 522: Complexity Theory : Boaz Barak Handout 10: Parallel Repetition Lemma
COS 522: Complexiy Theory : Boaz Barak Hadou 0: Parallel Repeiio Lemma Readig: () A Parallel Repeiio Theorem / Ra Raz (available o his websie) (2) Parallel Repeiio: Simplificaios ad he No-Sigallig Case
More informationMean Square Convergent Finite Difference Scheme for Stochastic Parabolic PDEs
America Joural of Compuaioal Mahemaics, 04, 4, 80-88 Published Olie Sepember 04 i SciRes. hp://www.scirp.org/joural/ajcm hp://dx.doi.org/0.436/ajcm.04.4404 Mea Square Coverge Fiie Differece Scheme for
More informationEE757 Numerical Techniques in Electromagnetics Lecture 8
757 Numerical Techiques i lecromageics Lecure 8 2 757, 206, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 2D FDTD e i J e i J e i J T TM 3 757, 206, Dr. Mohamed Bakr T Case wo elecric field compoes ad oe mageic compoe e i J e i J
More informationTwo Coupled Oscillators / Normal Modes
Lecure 3 Phys 3750 Two Coupled Oscillaors / Normal Modes Overview and Moivaion: Today we ake a small, bu significan, sep owards wave moion. We will no ye observe waves, bu his sep is imporan in is own
More informationBE.430 Tutorial: Linear Operator Theory and Eigenfunction Expansion
BE.43 Tuorial: Liear Operaor Theory ad Eigefucio Expasio (adaped fro Douglas Lauffeburger) 9//4 Moivaig proble I class, we ecouered parial differeial equaios describig rasie syses wih cheical diffusio.
More informationEconomics 8723 Macroeconomic Theory Problem Set 2 Professor Sanjay Chugh Spring 2017
Deparme of Ecoomics The Ohio Sae Uiversiy Ecoomics 8723 Macroecoomic Theory Problem Se 2 Professor Sajay Chugh Sprig 207 Labor Icome Taxes, Nash-Bargaied Wages, ad Proporioally-Bargaied Wages. I a ecoomy
More information12 Getting Started With Fourier Analysis
Commuicaios Egieerig MSc - Prelimiary Readig Geig Sared Wih Fourier Aalysis Fourier aalysis is cocered wih he represeaio of sigals i erms of he sums of sie, cosie or complex oscillaio waveforms. We ll
More informationMoment Generating Function
1 Mome Geeraig Fucio m h mome m m m E[ ] x f ( x) dx m h ceral mome m m m E[( ) ] ( ) ( x ) f ( x) dx Mome Geeraig Fucio For a real, M () E[ e ] e k x k e p ( x ) discree x k e f ( x) dx coiuous Example
More informationAvailable online at J. Math. Comput. Sci. 4 (2014), No. 4, ISSN:
Available olie a hp://sci.org J. Mah. Compu. Sci. 4 (2014), No. 4, 716-727 ISSN: 1927-5307 ON ITERATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS S.O. EDEKI *, A.A.
More informationExercise 3 Stochastic Models of Manufacturing Systems 4T400, 6 May
Exercise 3 Sochasic Models of Maufacurig Sysems 4T4, 6 May. Each week a very popular loery i Adorra pris 4 ickes. Each ickes has wo 4-digi umbers o i, oe visible ad he oher covered. The umbers are radomly
More informationEnergy Density / Energy Flux / Total Energy in 1D. Key Mathematics: density, flux, and the continuity equation.
ecure Phys 375 Eergy Desiy / Eergy Flu / oal Eergy i D Overview ad Moivaio: Fro your sudy of waves i iroducory physics you should be aware ha waves ca raspor eergy fro oe place o aoher cosider he geeraio
More informationMETHOD OF THE EQUIVALENT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN THE UNSTEADY PROBLEM FOR ELASTIC DIFFUSION LAYER
Maerials Physics ad Mechaics 3 (5) 36-4 Received: March 7 5 METHOD OF THE EQUIVAENT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN THE UNSTEADY PROBEM FOR EASTIC DIFFUSION AYER A.V. Zemsov * D.V. Tarlaovsiy Moscow Aviaio Isiue
More informationCompact Finite Difference Schemes for Solving a Class of Weakly- Singular Partial Integro-differential Equations
Ma. Sci. Le. Vol. No. 53-0 (0 Maemaical Scieces Leers A Ieraioal Joural @ 0 NSP Naural Scieces Publisig Cor. Compac Fiie Differece Scemes for Solvig a Class of Weakly- Sigular Parial Iegro-differeial Equaios
More informationFour equations describe the dynamic solution to RBC model. Consumption-leisure efficiency condition. Consumption-investment efficiency condition
LINEAR APPROXIMATION OF THE BASELINE RBC MODEL FEBRUARY, 202 Iroducio For f(, y, z ), mulivariable Taylor liear epasio aroud (, yz, ) f (, y, z) f(, y, z) + f (, y, z)( ) + f (, y, z)( y y) + f (, y, z)(
More informationHomotopy Analysis Method for Solving Fractional Sturm-Liouville Problems
Ausralia Joural of Basic ad Applied Scieces, 4(1): 518-57, 1 ISSN 1991-8178 Homoopy Aalysis Mehod for Solvig Fracioal Surm-Liouville Problems 1 A Neamay, R Darzi, A Dabbaghia 1 Deparme of Mahemaics, Uiversiy
More informationThe Central Limit Theorem
The Ceral Limi Theorem The ceral i heorem is oe of he mos impora heorems i probabiliy heory. While here a variey of forms of he ceral i heorem, he mos geeral form saes ha give a sufficiely large umber,
More informationth m m m m central moment : E[( X X) ] ( X X) ( x X) f ( x)
1 Trasform Techiques h m m m m mome : E[ ] x f ( x) dx h m m m m ceral mome : E[( ) ] ( ) ( x) f ( x) dx A coveie wa of fidig he momes of a radom variable is he mome geeraig fucio (MGF). Oher rasform echiques
More informationThe analysis of the method on the one variable function s limit Ke Wu
Ieraioal Coferece o Advaces i Mechaical Egieerig ad Idusrial Iformaics (AMEII 5) The aalysis of he mehod o he oe variable fucio s i Ke Wu Deparme of Mahemaics ad Saisics Zaozhuag Uiversiy Zaozhuag 776
More informationλiv Av = 0 or ( λi Av ) = 0. In order for a vector v to be an eigenvector, it must be in the kernel of λi
Liear lgebra Lecure #9 Noes This week s lecure focuses o wha migh be called he srucural aalysis of liear rasformaios Wha are he irisic properies of a liear rasformaio? re here ay fixed direcios? The discussio
More informationReview Exercises for Chapter 9
0_090R.qd //0 : PM Page 88 88 CHAPTER 9 Ifiie Series I Eercises ad, wrie a epressio for he h erm of he sequece..,., 5, 0,,,, 0,... 7,... I Eercises, mach he sequece wih is graph. [The graphs are labeled
More informationA TAUBERIAN THEOREM FOR THE WEIGHTED MEAN METHOD OF SUMMABILITY
U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series A, Vol. 78, Iss. 2, 206 ISSN 223-7027 A TAUBERIAN THEOREM FOR THE WEIGHTED MEAN METHOD OF SUMMABILITY İbrahim Çaak I his paper we obai a Tauberia codiio i erms of he weighed classical
More informationLecture 15: Three-tank Mixing and Lead Poisoning
Lecure 15: Three-ak Miig ad Lead Poisoig Eigevalues ad eigevecors will be used o fid he soluio of a sysem for ukow fucios ha saisfy differeial equaios The ukow fucios will be wrie as a 1 colum vecor [
More informationClass 36. Thin-film interference. Thin Film Interference. Thin Film Interference. Thin-film interference
Thi Film Ierferece Thi- ierferece Ierferece ewee ligh waves is he reaso ha hi s, such as soap ules, show colorful paers. Phoo credi: Mila Zikova, via Wikipedia Thi- ierferece This is kow as hi- ierferece
More informationAdditional Tables of Simulation Results
Saisica Siica: Suppleme REGULARIZING LASSO: A CONSISTENT VARIABLE SELECTION METHOD Quefeg Li ad Ju Shao Uiversiy of Wiscosi, Madiso, Eas Chia Normal Uiversiy ad Uiversiy of Wiscosi, Madiso Supplemeary
More informationAn interesting result about subset sums. Nitu Kitchloo. Lior Pachter. November 27, Abstract
A ieresig resul abou subse sums Niu Kichloo Lior Pacher November 27, 1993 Absrac We cosider he problem of deermiig he umber of subses B f1; 2; : : :; g such ha P b2b b k mod, where k is a residue class
More informationCLOSED FORM EVALUATION OF RESTRICTED SUMS CONTAINING SQUARES OF FIBONOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
PB Sci Bull, Series A, Vol 78, Iss 4, 2016 ISSN 1223-7027 CLOSED FORM EVALATION OF RESTRICTED SMS CONTAINING SQARES OF FIBONOMIAL COEFFICIENTS Emrah Kılıc 1, Helmu Prodiger 2 We give a sysemaic approach
More informationVibration damping of the cantilever beam with the use of the parametric excitation
The s Ieraioal Cogress o Soud ad Vibraio 3-7 Jul, 4, Beijig/Chia Vibraio dampig of he cailever beam wih he use of he parameric exciaio Jiří TŮMA, Pavel ŠURÁNE, Miroslav MAHDA VSB Techical Uiversi of Osrava
More informationOnline Supplement to Reactive Tabu Search in a Team-Learning Problem
Olie Suppleme o Reacive abu Search i a eam-learig Problem Yueli She School of Ieraioal Busiess Admiisraio, Shaghai Uiversiy of Fiace ad Ecoomics, Shaghai 00433, People s Republic of Chia, she.yueli@mail.shufe.edu.c
More informationThe Moment Approximation of the First Passage Time for the Birth Death Diffusion Process with Immigraton to a Moving Linear Barrier
America Joural of Applied Mahemaics ad Saisics, 015, Vol. 3, No. 5, 184-189 Available olie a hp://pubs.sciepub.com/ajams/3/5/ Sciece ad Educaio Publishig DOI:10.1691/ajams-3-5- The Mome Approximaio of
More informationAn Efficient Method to Reduce the Numerical Dispersion in the HIE-FDTD Scheme
Wireless Egieerig ad Techolog, 0,, 30-36 doi:0.436/we.0.005 Published Olie Jauar 0 (hp://www.scirp.org/joural/we) A Efficie Mehod o Reduce he umerical Dispersio i he IE- Scheme Jua Che, Aue Zhag School
More informationMODIFIED ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD FOR SOLVING RICCATI DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Review of he Air Force Academy No 3 (3) 15 ODIFIED ADOIAN DECOPOSIION EHOD FOR SOLVING RICCAI DIFFERENIAL EQUAIONS 1. INRODUCION Adomia decomposiio mehod was foud by George Adomia ad has recely become
More informationOutline. simplest HMM (1) simple HMMs? simplest HMM (2) Parameter estimation for discrete hidden Markov models
Oulie Parameer esimaio for discree idde Markov models Juko Murakami () ad Tomas Taylor (2). Vicoria Uiversiy of Welligo 2. Arizoa Sae Uiversiy Descripio of simple idde Markov models Maximum likeliood esimae
More informationSampling Example. ( ) δ ( f 1) (1/2)cos(12πt), T 0 = 1
Samplig Example Le x = cos( 4π)cos( π). The fudameal frequecy of cos 4π fudameal frequecy of cos π is Hz. The ( f ) = ( / ) δ ( f 7) + δ ( f + 7) / δ ( f ) + δ ( f + ). ( f ) = ( / 4) δ ( f 8) + δ ( f
More informationThe Eigen Function of Linear Systems
1/25/211 The Eige Fucio of Liear Sysems.doc 1/7 The Eige Fucio of Liear Sysems Recall ha ha we ca express (expad) a ime-limied sigal wih a weighed summaio of basis fucios: v ( ) a ψ ( ) = where v ( ) =
More information(C) x 3 + y 3 = 2(x 2 + y 2 ) (D) x y 2 (A) (10)! (B) (11)! (C) (10)! + 1 (D) (11)! 1. n in the expansion of 2 (A) 15 (B) 45 (C) 55 (D) 56
Cocep rackig paper-7 (ST+BT) Q. If 60 a = ad 60 b = 5 he he value of SINGLE OPTION CORRECT a b ( b) equals (D) Time-5hrs 0mis. Q. ( + x) ( + x + x ) ( + x + x + x )... ( + x + x +... + x 00 ) whe wrie
More informationA Note on Random k-sat for Moderately Growing k
A Noe o Radom k-sat for Moderaely Growig k Ju Liu LMIB ad School of Mahemaics ad Sysems Sciece, Beihag Uiversiy, Beijig, 100191, P.R. Chia juliu@smss.buaa.edu.c Zogsheg Gao LMIB ad School of Mahemaics
More informationIn this section we will study periodic signals in terms of their frequency f t is said to be periodic if (4.1)
Fourier Series Iroducio I his secio we will sudy periodic sigals i ers o heir requecy is said o be periodic i coe Reid ha a sigal ( ) ( ) ( ) () or every, where is a uber Fro his deiiio i ollows ha ( )
More informationEXAMPLE SHEET B (Partial Differential Equations) SPRING 2014
Copuaioal Mechaics Eaples B - David Apsle EXAMPLE SHEET B Parial Differeial Equaios SPRING 0 B. Solve he parial differeial equaio 0 0 o, u u u u B. Classif he followig d -order PDEs as hperbolic, parabolic
More informationOptimization of Rotating Machines Vibrations Limits by the Spring - Mass System Analysis
Joural of aerials Sciece ad Egieerig B 5 (7-8 (5 - doi: 765/6-6/57-8 D DAVID PUBLISHING Opimizaio of Roaig achies Vibraios Limis by he Sprig - ass Sysem Aalysis BENDJAIA Belacem sila, Algéria Absrac: The
More informationChapter 2: Time-Domain Representations of Linear Time-Invariant Systems. Chih-Wei Liu
Caper : Time-Domai Represeaios of Liear Time-Ivaria Sysems Ci-Wei Liu Oulie Iroucio Te Covoluio Sum Covoluio Sum Evaluaio Proceure Te Covoluio Iegral Covoluio Iegral Evaluaio Proceure Iercoecios of LTI
More informationLecture 8 April 18, 2018
Sas 300C: Theory of Saisics Sprig 2018 Lecure 8 April 18, 2018 Prof Emmauel Cades Scribe: Emmauel Cades Oulie Ageda: Muliple Tesig Problems 1 Empirical Process Viewpoi of BHq 2 Empirical Process Viewpoi
More informationAcademic Forum Cauchy Confers with Weierstrass. Lloyd Edgar S. Moyo, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Mathematics
Academic Forum - Cauchy Cofers wih Weiersrass Lloyd Edgar S Moyo PhD Associae Professor of Mahemaics Absrac We poi ou wo limiaios of usig he Cauchy Residue Theorem o evaluae a defiie iegral of a real raioal
More informationResearch Article A Generalized Nonlinear Sum-Difference Inequality of Product Form
Joural of Applied Mahemaics Volume 03, Aricle ID 47585, 7 pages hp://dx.doi.org/0.55/03/47585 Research Aricle A Geeralized Noliear Sum-Differece Iequaliy of Produc Form YogZhou Qi ad Wu-Sheg Wag School
More informationNumerical Simulation for the 2-D Heat Equation with Derivative Boundary Conditions
IOSR Joural of Applid Chmisr IOSR-JAC -ISSN: 78-576.Volum 9 Issu 8 Vr. I Aug. 6 PP 4-8 www.iosrjourals.org Numrical Simulaio for h - Ha Equaio wih rivaiv Boudar Codiios Ima. I. Gorial parm of Mahmaics
More informationA Note on Prediction with Misspecified Models
ITB J. Sci., Vol. 44 A, No. 3,, 7-9 7 A Noe o Predicio wih Misspecified Models Khresha Syuhada Saisics Research Divisio, Faculy of Mahemaics ad Naural Scieces, Isiu Tekologi Badug, Jala Gaesa Badug, Jawa
More informationCSE 241 Algorithms and Data Structures 10/14/2015. Skip Lists
CSE 41 Algorihms ad Daa Srucures 10/14/015 Skip Liss This hadou gives he skip lis mehods ha we discussed i class. A skip lis is a ordered, doublyliked lis wih some exra poiers ha allow us o jump over muliple
More informationF.Y. Diploma : Sem. II [AE/CH/FG/ME/PT/PG] Applied Mathematics
F.Y. Diploma : Sem. II [AE/CH/FG/ME/PT/PG] Applied Mahemaics Prelim Quesio Paper Soluio Q. Aemp ay FIVE of he followig : [0] Q.(a) Defie Eve ad odd fucios. [] As.: A fucio f() is said o be eve fucio if
More information