Workshop on New Materials for Renewable Energy

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1 Workshop on New Materials for Renewable Energy 31 October - 11 November 201 Metamaterials: Past, Present, and Future Nonlinear Physics Centre Research School of Physics and Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia

2 Metamaterials: Past, Present, and Future Yuri Kivshar Nonlinear Physics Centre Australian National University Canberra

3 Outline Metamaterials: Basic properties Negative refraction The first experiment and a variety of designs From microwaves to optics Nonlinear metamaterials Optical cloaking Roadmap for metamaterials

4 Light interaction with matter Interaction depends on ε and μ of the medium ε characterizes response to the electric field μ characterizes response to the magnetic field

material For large wavelengths any material can be described by ε

5 Electromagnetic properties of materials Response to the electromagnetic field is determined by internal structure of the material For large wavelengths any material can be described by ε and μ Classical Macroscopic Electrodynamics 1 B c t 1 D curl H c t curl E ~ ~ D E ~ ~ B H

6 Natural materials and metamaterials 2 ω k 2 εμ c 2 RHM 0, 0 0, 0 0, 0 0, 0 LH M eft anded aterials

7 The first Paper Left-Handed Materials V.G.Veselago, The Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative Values of ε and μ. Soviet Physics Uspekhi 10 (4), (1968) Even earlier papers D. Sivukhin, Opt. Spectroscopy 3, 308 (1957) B. Pakhomov, Zh. Eksp. Theor. Fiz. 36, 3966 (1959)

8 Left-handed waves If 0, 0 then vectors: E, H, k E H If 0, 0 then vectors: k k E H c k H E c is a right set of is a left set of k E, H, k E H

9 Energy flow in left-handed waves c S E H 4 Energy flow (Poynting vector): Conventional (right-handed) medium E H Left-handed medium k E H k S S S k Vgr V ph S k Vgr V ph

10 Frequency dispersion of LH medium Energy density in the dispersive medium 2 2 W E H Positivity of W requires 0; LH medium is dispersive 0 Re(μ ) Im (μ ) ω According to the Kramers-Kronig relations it is always dissipative

11 Refraction of light at the LH/RH interface RH Hi ki Ei Hr Er ε1 0 μ1 0 ε22 0 μ22 0 LH RH kr Snell s law: sin n2 2 2 sin ψ n1 1 1 sin n2 2 2 sin ψ n1 1 1 Ht ψ kt Et Et kt Ht n2 2 2

12 Negative refraction vs. LHM Negative refraction is a property of backward waves and it has been observed in many materials: Photonic crystals Anisotropic media Left-handed materials - LHM are materials with negative refraction - Not all materials with negative refraction are LHM Materials with LHM negative refraction

13 Negative refraction back to 1942 Mandelshtam, 1942 Lectures about waves

14 Backward waves: Manchester, 1904 Sir Horace Lamb : Professor of Mathematics Sir Arthur Schuster Professor of Physics

$refraction www.$

15 Positive vs. negative refraction onlinear

16 Right- and left-handed water onlinear

17 Unusual lenses LH lens does not have a diffraction resolution limit Improved resolution is due to the surface waves V. G. Veselago, Soviet Physics Uspekhi 10 (4), (1968) J. B. Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000) onlinear

18 Perfect lens V. G. Veselago, Soviet Physics Uspekhi 10 (4), (1968) J. B. Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000) onlinear

19 How to make a left-handed material?

20 Magnetic response of a gold ring H M M Split-Ring Resonator can produce strong negative magnetic response

Schultz, Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability

21 The first experiment on LH media D.R.Smith, W.J.Padilla, D.C.Vier, S.C.Nenat-Nasser and S.Schultz, Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184 (2000) Idea: to combine a wire structure with the SRR array: Metamaterial

22 Periodic structures a Continuous medium (Effective medium) onlinear a Photonic crystal

23 Examples of metamaterials

24 Microwave metamaterials in Canberra onlinear

25 The first step into 3D

26 Nonlinear properties Amplitude-dependent effects have been observed in experiments but were never analyzed We conducted the first analysis of nonlinear properties of LHM and predicted the field-driven phase transitions in transmission properties Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, (2003)

27 Nonlinear left-handed materials Metallic composite structure embedded into a nonlinear dielectric

28 Effective magnetic permeability Effective medium approximation j H +q j F 2 eff i Eg -q 1 LC 2 0 C ~ Eg 2 E g (H ) eff H

29 Nonlinear dielectric constant Microscopic derivation in the effective medium approximation eff E 2 D 2 2 p E i Contribution from Contribution from nonlinear dielectric metallic wires

30 Excitation of SRRs In-phase currents in both rings of resonator for low-frequency resonance R Frequency (GHz)

31 Tunable nonlinear SRRs

32 Nonlinear metamaterial for microwaves Nonlinear electronic components provide required response Second and third order nonlinear response Resonance shift Harmonic generation

33 Nonlinear Magnetic Metamaterial Induced transmission Suppressed transmission

34 Nonlinearity-induced transparency Optics Express (2005)

35 Induced transparency in magnetic metamaterial

36 Nonlinearity suppressed transmission

37 Opaque nonlinear lens: a concept Magnetic permeability 2 Frequency 0

38 Nonlinear lens A.A. Zharov, N.A. Zharova, I.V. Shadrivov, and Yu.S. Kivshar, Appl. Phys. Lett (2006)

39 Our recent structures and results Fishnet metamaterials Magnetic arrays Nanoantennas Magnetoelastic metamaterials Giant nonlinear optical activity

$Negative Refractive Index$ , Science (2004) Valentine

40 Optical Metamaterial Phenomena Optical Magnetism Negative Refractive Index Cloaking Linden et al., Science (2004) Valentine et al., Nature (2008) Pendry et al., Science (2006) Optical Circuits Superlens Hyperlens Chirality Engheta, Science (2007) Fang et al., Science (2005) Liu et al., Science (2007) Gansel et al. Science (2009) Now: Optical properties are fixed at the time of fabrication Future: Active, tunable & reconfigurable metamaterials 39

41 Principle of invisibility cloak Guide light around the object, so that it appears on the other side of the object unperturbed.

42 How does it work Complex mathematical approach Transforming Space Challenging manufacturing requirements The first microwave cloak (by D. Smith) D. Schurig et al, Science 314, 977 (2006)

43 Earlier suggestions: 1961 L. S. Dolin, Izv. VUZov Radiofizika 4, (1961)

Cloaking with a complex shape The transformation are used to find the fields inside the cloak Coordinate transformation gives a recipe for creating the cloak x m ~ x n mn 1 ~ mn

44 Cloaking with a complex shape The transformation are used to find the fields inside the cloak Coordinate transformation gives a recipe for creating the cloak x m ~ x n mn 1 ~ mn ~ g xa xb ~ mn x m ~ x n mn 1 ~ g xa xb and the field distribution in the cloak ~ xk Ei ~i E k x xk ~ H i ~i H k x N.A. Zharova, I.V. Shadrivov, A.A. Zharov, Yu.S. Kivshar (2008)

45 Invisibity means publicity Herald Sun : March 2008 Canberra Times, April 2008

46 Different approaches to cloaking Carpet Cloak: On a surface p p D. Smith, APL (2008) U. Leonhardt, Science (2009) Jensen Li & Pendry, PRL (2008) R. Liu, C. Ji, and D. Smith, Science (2009) N. Engheta, PRL (2008) Smolyaninov,&Shalaev PRL (2009)

47 Why do we need metamaterials? They reverse various physical phenomena e.g., unusual wave refraction Very unusual linear and nonlinear properties Perfect imaging and flat lenses Novel photonic and plasmonic structures Novel opportunities for optical devices

48 Opportunities in Metamaterials & Plasmonics Dispersion engineering Miniaturization Strong Field Localization E 2 Electrical Plasma Negative- Index Materials Common Materials Magnetic Plasma Materials Devices Applications Artificial Magnetism Smaller Antennas Thinner Negative Index Sensors Lightweight Absorbers Zero index 47

49 Metamaterials research vision Integration with semiconductor technology enabling of gain Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, (2010) Integration of metamaterials on a photonic chip for signal processing Zheludev, 2010

Left-handed materials: Transfer matrix method studies

Left-handed materials: Transfer matrix method studies Peter Markos and C. M. Soukoulis Outline of Talk What are Metamaterials? An Example: Left-handed Materials Results of the transfer matrix method Negative