Evidence of Evolution

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1 c Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record Provides clues about how and when new groups of organisms evolved Animals without backbones in the sea: 540 million years ago (mya) Fish, animals with backbones: 500 mya First land plants, mosses: 410 mya Homologous Structures Organs and structures that develop in the same way in different organisms have a different form and function in different organisms Human Arm and Bird Wing Dolphin Flipper and Dog Leg Whale Froo Hunt Uoii Human Vestigial Structures Organs or structures that have lost t;heir function in the organism and have become reduced in size Human appendix, coccyx, wisdom teeth WyWr fetwialm O Z.

2 ' ^ I > I i Similar Early Development Comparison of the early stages of life, especially the embryos, of different unrelated organisms can reveal an evolutionary relationship When the embryos have more features in common they are more evolutionary related Wh.Chick Ui.g 4MI- Rirt-Wl Similarities in DNA & Proteins The comparison of DNA and proteins is used to determine evolutionary relationships between species Hemoglobin: a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells - Cytochrome C: a protein for cellular msniratinn Branching Tree Using evidence from fossil record, similarities In body structures, similarities in embryos, similarities in DNA & protein, scientists can draw a Branching tree comparing different species \ The tree shows the relationship between organisms as they began as a common species and EVOLVED Into different species over millions of years 2

3 CLASS HI Examining the Evidence of Evolution, The drawings below show the front limbs (arras, legs, or flippers) o several different animals. Pay attention to the similarities in the bone structure. Then answer the questions below. DATE Whale Lion. Humaiv. Bat Horse. I. When two people are related to each other, how does their appearance often show this? 2. The bone structures of the animals shown above appear similar to each other. What do-. """ [ some scientists think may be the reason for this? :! _. 3. A present-day whale has ho fingers. Why, then, does it have finger bones? 4. What evidence do paleontologists study to find out about an animal's ancestors? 5. Identify at least one similarity between the front limbs of a bat and a-horse. 6. Identify at least one difference between a bat's and a horde's front limbs. 7. How are the.front limbs of a bat and a horse adapted to the way each animal lives? 7 -as / UFE SCIENCE

4 Name Date. Class Changes Over Time Review and Reinforce Evidence of Evolution Understanding Main Ideas Use the figures below to answer the questions that follow. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. I?. S-;. 1 I 1. Compare and contrast the bones of a bird's wing and a seal's flipper. 2. What do scientists infer from the similarities between these two structures? ' 3. What do scientists call such similar structures? 4. Describe how DNA evidence might be used to confirm scientists' conclusions about any relationship between birds and seals. ' Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 5. What types of evidence do scientists use to determine evolutionary relationships among groups? 6. What do similarities in the early development of organisms suggest? Building Vocabulary Fill in the blank to complete each statement. 7. Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor are called structures. 8. A(n) is a diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related. Peafson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hail. All rights reserved. 307

5 Name Class Date Lesson 22.2 Level 3? V?, Can you wiggle your ears? If not, perhaps you kp$w people who can.,n3:i Tffife''^lopfefunli1ce most other people;, have muscles near their ears. The -muscles are not essential parts of the. human body. They have no function other than moving the ears. Why do muscles with no useful function exist? The answer is that these muscles are homologous to the muscles thai: enable other mammals to turn their ears. As humans evolved, the. ability to move their ears became unnecessary for survival. Over time, the muscles became smaller and in many cases disappeared v altogether. Homologous structures that have no function are called Vestigial. structures. Scientists have concluded that the presence of vestigial structures indicates that species have a common. ancestor.. Another vestigial structure in humans is shown in the diagram. The tailbone, or coccyx, is an extension of the spine that is homologous with the tails found, in most other mammals. In. these other. mammals, tails serve a variety of. important functions: cats use them for balance; deer use them to warn other. deerof danger; arid kangaroos use them for support. In humans, however, the coccyx serves no useful function'. Tailbones Tailbones Tailbones Copyright by D. C. Heath and Company

6 WORKSHEET ENRICHMENT Name '. Lesson 22.2 Class Daw. Level 3 t?\ FeslfigiaJ Structures {Continued) Identifying. Relevant Information Read the following statements and explain their. relevance to an understanding of vestigial structures. If a statement is not relevant, explain why.. 1. The human body must expend energy to move the muscles used.fdr ear wiggling. 'I, Kangaroos arid cats have long, muscular tails, whereas deer have very short tails. )! 3, Some mammals have an appendix, a small structure that extends from the large. intestine. The appendix has no known function in humans, although in some rodents it functions in digestion. :!. Writing about Science, Technology, and Society What will humans look like years from now? Imagine what life will be like in 1000 centuries and what adaptations may have evolved in humans to meet the.. challenges of this life,. On a^jfeparate sheet of paper, write < a description of a person living in the 1021st century. How might this person differ from a human of today? What present-day structures in the human body might no longer have any function? For example, if the humans -of the future live entirely on a liquid diet, they may have no need for teeth. If you wish, illustrate your description.

7 MatcMmM Usim Cross PHSHO & lint "+& match "Hie cross stchon "t tiic Cor»+t>ur lines. II. 12 '3. /Y.

11 Assignment Read pages in Cells & Heredity Textbook in NEW or OLD Notebook, define and draw a picture or symbol (or print one out) of the words listed below ONLY using CONTEXT clues that is information in the textbook. If you need heip writing a definition you can look in a dictionary BUT: Your definitions should relate to the Section on Evolution. Complete this on page 126: Use 3 column note taking!!! WORD LIST pesticide evolution homologous structures DNA nitrogen bases species variations resistant/resistance vertebrate embryos genes amino acids branching tree

13 Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record Provides clues about how and when new groups of organisms evolved Animals without backbones in the sea: 540 million years ago (mya) Fish, animals with backbones; 500 mya First land plants, mosses: 410. mya o Homologous Structures Organs and structures that develop in the same way in different organisms have a different form and : function in different organisms Human Arm and Bird Wing Dolphin Flipper and Dog Leg- Vestigial Structures Organs or structures that have lost their function in the organism and have become reduced in size Human appendix, coccyx, wisdom teeth -ii» o.. ^ 2.

15 Similar Early Development Comparison of the early stages of life, especially the embryos, of different unrelated organisms can reveal an evolutionary relationship When the embryos have more features in common they are more evolutionary related nail.sjnmn/tiv flbmlm RflbMl 'liubwn Similarities in DNA & Proteins The comparison of DNA and proteins is used to determine evolutionary relationships between species Hemoglobin: a protein that carries oxygen m red blood cells - Cytochrome C: a protein for cellular respiration 4* Branching Tree Using evidence from fossil record, similarities in body structures, similarities in embryos, similarities in DNA & protein, scientists can draw a Branching tree comparing different species 1 The tree shows the relationship between organisms as they began as a common species and EVOLVED into different species over millions of years o *>>

17 Name Date Class SECTION 5-2 ENRICH Evolution of the Horse 50 million years ago 35 million years ago 26 million years ago 3 mjkion years ago Hyracotherium Mesohippus Merychippus Equus iu Forefoot Skull Forefoot 0 Forefoot Skull Forefoot Skuil 38 cm at shoulders» padded feet. lived in dense-forest environment 52 cm at shoulders > padded feet > lived in mixed woods-and-fietds environment. 100 cm at shoulders hoofed feet lived in high-grass (savanna) environment 135 cm at shoulders hoofed feet. lived in short-grass (prairie) environment 1. From the fossil evidence shown, how did forefeet change over time? 2. From the fossil evidence shown, how did skulls change over time? 3. How might the environment in which each of these species lived have affected the evolution of horses? " 130 C Teaching Resources Cells and Heredity

19 HU Examining the Evidence of Evolution DATE 'O The drawings below.show the front limbs (arms, legs, or flippers) of. several different animals. Pay attention to the similarities in the bone structure. Then answer the questions below. Whale Lion Human Bat Horse 1. When two people are related to each other, how does their appearance often show this? 2. The bone structures of the animals shown above appear similar to each other. What do. some scientists think may be the reason for this? ' > - 3. A present-day whale has "no fingers. Why, then, does it have finger bones? 4. What evidence do paleontologists study to find out about an animal's ancestors? * 5. Identify at least one similarity between the front limbs of a bat and a horse. 6. Identify at least one difference between a bat's and a horde's front limbs.. o _ ir 7«How are the front limbs of a bat and a horse adapted to the way each animal lives? (^J) / UFE SCtElsfCE

21 Changes Over Time Review and Reinforce Understanding Main Ideas Use the figures below to answer the questions that follow. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. J}*;, m fo il-!?< I Kf 1. Compare and contrast the bones of a bird's wing and a seal's flipper. 2. What do scientists infer from the similarities between these two structures? 3. What do scientists call such similar structures? 4. Describe how DNA evidence might be used to confirm scientists' conclusions about any relationship between birds and seals. ' Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 5. What types of evidence do scientists use to determine evolutionary relationships among groups? 6. What do similarities in the early development of organisms suggest? Building Vocabulary Fill in the blank to complete each statement. 7. Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor are called structures. 8. A(n) is a diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related. Pearson Education, inc., publishing as Pearson Prenlice Hal All rights reserved. 307 )4

23 I Timing Is Everything "s you tell a chicken trom a fish?' How about a human from a pig? Sure you can, " - 'say. Chickens have wings, fish have fins, humans have arms, and pigs have hoofs..what about when they are just starting to form? The drawings below represent three developmental stages of five different animals- They have been all mixed up see if you can tell what's what... 1 Cut out the squares with illustrations of embryos below and see if you can correctly match the embryos with the - animals, placing them in'order from earliest to latest stages of development. ctilck stafl* 3

25 .Can you'tell.>chicken frort>fl:f(sh?.hqwab6ut 4'hufna^ frbm'a.p;g^s^fe y'qu'can, 1 say. Chickens have Wings, fish haye fins, hurnaris Hav.e?arms ( and^igs-ha'ye hobfs. " fvhat about when.tfj6y.3rejyst jtartifig to.form? The drawinj^belowtep/esent...e developmental stipes of five different, ahirnals, They_heve beenali mjx«^d up :.. see if yoy eantehwhatt what.,'......, " '.., ' ;, 1 Cut out the squares withilfustr^tlohs V. '. of embryosbeitowandseei^ydu&in.. '. ' correctly match the embryos, with, the : ' " ' ' ' '.. animals, placing, them in 6rderfnorp.. <' '.. _.., ' r 'V'.. earliest to fatests'tages of dev$jqpment.., ' chi<lr. ' ; W ; - -M 4--.^ human ' '. 7\* : V '= ' - ; : ' 1. ' Itan* 3... * ' 'I it \ i

27 Fish Salamander Tortoise Rabbit Human

29 Name Class Date i Lesson 22.2 Level 3 % A Vestigial Structures Can you wiggle your ears? If not, ' people,;. have muscles near their ears. The muscles are not essential parts of the. human body. They have no function other than moving the ears. : - Why do muscles with no useful function exist? The answer is that these muscles are homologous to the muscles that enable other mammals to turn their ears. As humans evolved, the. ability to move their ears became unnecessary for survival. Over time, the muscles became smaller and in many cases disappeared altogether. Homologous structures that. have no function are called.vestigial' structures. Scientists have concluded that the presence of vestigial structures ' indicates that species have a common. ancestor.. '. ' Another vestigial structure in humans is shown in the diagram. The tailbone, or cdccyx, is an extension of the spine that is homologous, with the tails found in most other mammals. In.these other.. mammals, tails serve a variety of, important functions: cats use them for ' balance; deer use.them to warn other. deerof danger; arid kangaroos use them for support, In humans, however, the coccyx serves no useful function'.. Tailbones Tailbones Taubones 20 Copyright by 0. C. Heath and Company

31 .. WORKSHEET ENRICHMENT Name ' ' ' ' ', Lesson 22.2 Class' Date.. ^eve ' 3 Structures (Continued) Identifying. Relevant Information " Read the following statements and explain their '. relevance to an understanding of vestigial structures. If a statement is not relevant, explain why.. ' 1, The human body must expend energy to move the muscles used for ear wiggling. 2, Kangaroos and cats have long, muscular tails, whereas deer have'very short tails. i _ : Q I 3. Some mammals have aii appendix, a small structure that extends from the large. intestine. The appendix: has no known function in humans, although in sorne rodents it functions in digestion. : ' Writing about Science, Technology, and Society What will humans look like years from now? Imagine.what life will be like in 1000 centuries and what adaptations may have, evolved in humans to meet the. challenges of this life.. On a^lbparate sheet of paper, write a description of a person living in the 1021st century. How might this person differ from a human of today? What present-day structures in the human body might no longer have any function? For example, if the humans -of the future live entirely on a liquid diet, they may have no need for teeth. If you wish, illustrate your description.

b. In Table 1 (question #2 on the Answer Sheet describe the function of each set of bones and answer the question.)

b. In Table 1 (question #2 on the Answer Sheet describe the function of each set of bones and answer the question.) Biology EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION: Evidence has been found to indicate that living things have changed gradually during their natural history. The study of fossils as well as embryology, biochemistry,