Super/Hyper-Kamiokande
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1 Super/Hyper-Kamiokande
2 Outline Hyper-Kamiokande Overview Beam Physics Non-beam Physics Experiment Design: Cavern and tank Photosensors DAQ&Electronics Calibration Near Detectors
3 Tokai to Hyper-Kamiokande Use upgraded J-PARC neutrino beam line (same as T2K) with expected beam power 750kW, 2.5 off-axis angle. Hyper-Kamiokande J-PARC Main Ring Neutrino Beamline (KEK-JAEA) Narrow-band beam at ~600MeV at 2.5 off-axis Near Detectors Take advantage of Lorentz Boost and 2-body kinematics in + + Pure beam with ~1% e contamination 3
4 The Hyper-Kamiokande Project Supernova Multi-purpose neutrino experiment. Wide-variety of scientific goals: Neutrino oscillations: Neutrino beam from J-PARC Atmospheric neutrinos Solar neutrinos Sun Accelerator (J-PARC) Search for proton decay T2HK Astrophysical neutrinos (supernova bursts, supernova relic neutrinos, dark matter, solar flare, ) Neutrino geophysics Proton decay 4
5 Hyper-K in the World ( Selected one of the 27 top projects in the Japanese master plan for large scale research projects by the Science Council of Japan. Open meetings held twice/year since Aug.2012 International Board of Representatives formed to discuss contributions, cost-sharing and budget request. R&D work ongoing internationally. 12 countries, 67 institutes, 240 people 13 5
6 The Hyper-Kamiokande Timeline June 2014 Prototype Approved WC prototype Approved WC prototype for technical studies ( ) ~$1.2M Major decisions on experiment design expected before
7 The Hyper-Kamiokande Detector 7
8 The Hyper-Kamiokande Detector Water Cherenkov, proven technology & scalability: Excellent PID at sub-gev region >99% Large mass statistics always critical for any measurements. Total Volume 0.99 Megaton Inner Volume 0.74 Mton Fiducial Volume 0.56 Mton (0.056 Mton 10 compartments) Outer Volume Photo-sensors Tanks 0.2 Megaton 99, Φ PMTs for Inner Detector (ID) (20% photo-coverage) 25,000 8 Φ PMTs for Outer Detector (OD) 2 tanks, with egg-shape cross section 48m (w) 50m (t) 250 m (l) 5 optically separated compartments per tank 8
9 The Hyper-Kamiokande Detector GEANT4 event displays, CCQE interaction, NC 0 interaction e, CCQE interaction 9
10 Oscillation Searches at Hyper-K HK is optimized for both appearance and disappearance searches Disappearance: determine 2 and m Δ m L P( νμ ν μ ) 1 sin 2 θ32 sin 4 Eν ( e Appearance determine T2HK beam energy peak 13 ), constrain CP ( 2 ) Δ m 31 L P(νμ ν e ) sin θ23 sin 2 θ13 sin 4 Eν 2 Δ m 2 32 L sin 2 θ12 sin 2 θ 23 sin 2θ 13 cos θ13 sin 4 Eν 2 2 Δ m L Δ m L sin sin sin δcp +CPC 4 Eν 4 Eν +matter + solar terms ( ) ( ( ) ) For maximum power fit both data samples jointly 10
11 Hyper-Kamiokande Beam Same beam configuration as for T2K Same off-axis sub-gev narrow-band beam. Horn current 320kA 181MeV Linac 400 MeV J-PARC Facility (KEK-JAEA) South to North 3 GeV RCS Neutrino Beams to Kamioka Materials and Life Experimental Facity CY2007 Beams JFY2008 Beams JFY2009 Beams Slow Ext. Exp. Facility Bird s eye photo in January of
12 Upgrade Plans for upgrade up to 750kW (to be reached during T2K running): 1. LINAC (400 MeV, 25Hz, 50mA peak current) 30 ma peak current now. upgrade in RCS, Rapid Cycling Synchroton (3 GeV, 25Hz, 1.0 MW) 600 kw operation demonstrated with 180 MeV injection. 300kW stable operation 3. MR, Main Ring (30 GeV, 1.3Hz, 0.75MW) 230 kw achieved with 1.2E14 protons/pulse In 2017, the magnet power supply and high gradient RF core upgrade are planned for 750 kw design. Futher upgrades: neutrino beam facility can accept up to 3MW w/ target/horn/window upgrade w/ additional system/blds for handling radio-active waste 12
13 Neutrino Beam for Hyper-Kamiokande At least 750kW expected at the starting of the experiment. Assumed 7.5MW 107 s ( POT) for the following sensitivity studies 10 years are needed if 750kW per 107s/year Less time for higher beam power Expected unoscillated neutrino flux at Hyper-K X 30 Nominal beam sharing between neutrinos and anti-neutrinos in the following sensitivity plots: -mode: -mode 1y : 3y 13
14 Expected Events Appearance Letter of Intent to J-PARC, April 2014 Signal Background Total e e e e NC mode mode Disappearance e e NC e Total mode mode Large expected number of events. NH, sin = 0,1 and CP =
15 Hyper-K Sensitivity to CP Letter of Intent to J-PARC, April 2014 Errors (%) on the expected number of events mode mode e e ND-independ. xsect Far Detector Total % of δ for 5σ Flux & ND 76% of δ for 3σ CPV discovery sensitivity to CP=0, w/ MH known Fractional region of for CPV (sin 0) > 3,5 coverage for nominal beam power): 1 uncertainty of as a function of the beam power: < 19 (6 ) for = 90 (0 ) CPV > 3 (5 ) for 76%(58%) of Nominal beam power 15
16 Sensitivity to 23 sin22 23 and m223 free parameters as well as sin22 13 and CP in the fit. Octant resolution w/ reactor 13: ~3 wrong octact rejection for sin2 23<0.46 or >0.56 True sin err sin err m223 (ev2) True sin2θ23=0.45 True sin2θ23=0.5 Octant degeneracy resolved with a constraint from the reactor experiments True sin2θ23=
17 Hyper-K Sensitivity to MH arxiv: Significance for MH determination as a function of Hyper-K lifetime sin2 23= years 10 years CP=40 Normal hierarchy Use atmospherics for 3 mass hierarchy determination. 3 mass hierarchy determination for sin2 23 > 0.42 (0.43) for normal (inverted) hierarchy for 10y data taking. Also combine with beam data to enhance physics capability. 17
18 Proton Decay Sensitivity Surpass SK limit in ~1 year year 5y arxiv: times better sensitivity than Super-K Hyper-K surpasses SK limits in ~1y Hyper-K is sensitive in every single mode p e+ 0 : y at 90% CL p K+: y at 90% CL Many other modes: p(n e, ) + (,, ); K0 modes 0, +. 18
19 'Other' Physics Topics at Hyper-K arxiv: More physics topics can be investigated by Hyper-Kamiokande: Solar Neutrinos: 8B 200 ν s / day from Sun day/night asymmetry of the solar neutrinos flux can be precisely measured at HK (<1%). Astrophysical neutrinos: 200k ν s from Supernova at Galactic center (10kpc) time variation & energy can be measured with high statistics. Important data to cross check explosion models Supernova relic neutrinos possible Gd-doping of Hyper-K Gd-doped water: 19
20 'Other' Physics Topics at Hyper-K, Cont'ed arxiv: Indirect Searches for Dark Matter: 1) search for excess of neutrinos from the center of the Earth, Sun and galactic centre as compared to atmospheric neutrino background 2) Search for diffuse signal from Milky Way halo. Limits on the WIMPinduced upwardgoing muon rate as a function of the WIMP mass Search for transient astrophysical phenomena: solar flares, GRBs, etc. Neutrino geophysics: neutrino radiography w/ atmospheric neutrinos for surveying the internal structure of the Earth. 20
21 Site(s) and Cavern(s) Two sites are being investigated: Tochibora mine: ~8km South from Super-K Identical baseline (295km) and off-axis angle (2.5º) to Super-Kamiokande Mozumi mine (same as Super-K) Deeper than Tochibora Currently finishing design studies 21
22 Site(s) and Cavern(s), cont'd Rock quality in the two sites is similar. Design of the cavity, support structure studies based on geological survey Confirmed that the HK cavern can be constructed w/ existing techniques Construction schedule for the Tochibora mine: ~2y tunnels, ~3y cavern Tochibora: Rock Mass Characterization Cavern HK tank location Support Structure Mozumi Mozumi: geological survey performed in 2013 cavern stability analyses just completed Access and approach-tunnels being designed.. Baseline design expected to finish soon 22
23 Tank Design Work All major parts of HK tank have been designed: water containment system, photosensors support, layout of water pipes, front-end electronics, cables, calibration holes, plug manholes, etc. Electronics & cable layout Water containment system Water piping layout 5940mm 3960mm : Inner top : Inner barrel pipe :pipe Inner bottom : Outer top pipe : Outer barrel pipe :pipe Outer :bottom Inlet/Outlet pipe : Support structure : Cable for inner PMT : Cable for outer PMT : Network/Power cable Separation wall : Hub / Front End Electronics : Inner photo-sensor (20 ) : Outer photo-sensor (8 ) 23
24 Photodector Development
25 Photodector Development QE [%] High-QE SK PMT 40 High-QE R ZP0012 ZP0014 ZP ZP0021 ZP0022 ZP0024 ZP ZP0007 Normal SK PMT Normal-QE R Wave Length [nm]
26 Photosensors Candidates Established (SK PMT) R&D (HighQE/CE PMT) R&D (HighQE hybrid det.) R&D going to get better perfomance 50cm and lower costs 2kV 8kV 2kV Box & Line dynod (unique Venetian blind dynod Quantum Eff. (QE) 22% 30% Avanlance diode 30% Collection Eff. (CE) 80% 93% 95% 5.5 nsec 2.7nsec 1nsec Timing resol (FWHM) Super-K ID PMTs Used for ~20 years Guaranteed Complex production Expensive drift path) Under development Better performance Same technology Lower risk Photosensors covered by protective case (currently under R&D) Lower Risk Under development Far better performance Simple structure Lower cost New technology Higher risk Higher26 Performance
27 Photosensors Tests in Water Tank EGADS 200t tank ~7m 8 HPDs 20 high-qe PMTs Timeline for photosensors choice EGADS (for Gd-doped water tests) 240 inward-facing PMTs EGADS used to test high-qe PMTs 227 PMTs (R3600; currently in SK) for reference for photodetector evaluation 8'' HPDs, 20'' high-qe PMTs Data taking: Sept 2013, May 2014 Viability tests performed ongoing process up to Adding (Aug 2014) Box-and-Line PMTs and 2 HPD. More tests planned. Photosensor choice will be made in 2016, needed to allow time for making mass production 27
28 Electronics/DAQ Investigating a few approches for the electronics, eg: QTC (ADC) + TDC (similar to SK4) FADC Will evaluate their performance with the WC prototype detector Also working on the design of the DAQ Digitize all the signal ( timing and charge ) above ~ 1/4 p.e. Define events with software and store the event data. Nominal starting point: SK DAQ Investigating improved system for triggering (redundant, robust) 28
29 Calibration Review systems used by several experiments (SK, SNO, SNO+, Borexino, KamLAND, Daya Bay) to help in the design of the calibration system for Hyper-K Several ongoing R&D activities, some examples: Simple semi-automated calibration system (to be deployed in SK) Computed controlled. Compact and light-shielded. R&D (3D) for HK in Study response & reflection of large photosensors in water (Photosensor Testing Facility at TRIUMF) Optical system with laser, monitor and receiver PMTs in place and tested. Use LED as a light source for optical calibration. Can build an automated system that can illuminate each PMT with known sources Tests of LEDs underway 29
30 Calibration Review systems used by several experiments (SK, SNO, SNO+, Borexino, KamLAND, Daya Bay) to help in the design of the calibration system for Hyper-K Several ongoing R&D activities, some examples: Simple semi-automated calibration system (to be deployed in SK) Computer controlled. Compact and lightshielded. R&D (3D) for HK in Study response & reflection of large photosensors in water (Photosensor Testing Facility at TRIUMF) Optical system with laser, monitor and receiver PMTs in place and tested. Use LED as a light source for optical calibration. Can build an automated system that can illuminate each PMT with known sources Tests of LEDs underway 30
31 Near Detectors T2K: suit of near detectors at 280m from the target On-axis INGRID detector: Measure beam direction, stability with high statistics event sample INGRID on-axis ND280 off-axis Off-axis ND280 detector: multipurpose detector to measure spectrum and provide cross section measurements Hyper-Kamiokande aims to reduce systematic errors for oscillations e Systematic sources(%) 3.1 Flux & Combined Cross-Sections Independent Cross Sections Pi Hadronic Interactions (FSI) SK Detector Efficiencies TOTAL 7.6 arxiv:
32 Options at 280m Three options currently envisages for Hyper-K. No final decision made yet on any of the projects. Some options may happen earlier for the T2K upgrade. 1) ND280 improvements: Replace with D2O to the FGD2 and P0D water layers. Quasifree neutron target. Replace scintillator with WbLS to measure deposited charge from water/d2o layers. High pressure TPC to study low 2) Add new detectors in the 280m pit: momentum final state particles and Water-grid scintillator detector in particular resolve vertex 32
33 New Near Detector Concepts 3) Build new detectors at 1-2km: TITUS (~2 km) 2 kt Gadolinium-doped WC detector with HPDs and LAPPDs 11m Gd-doped WC (2kton) ν-prism (~1km) tall (~50 m) WC detector spanning wide range of off-axis angles effectively isolate response in narrow band of energy by comparing interactions at different off-axis angles MRD 22m Use Gd for neutrino interaction separation In particular, Gd for ν/ν separation 33
34 Conclusions Next generation multi-purpose experiment Oscillation physics: able to measure CP at 3 for 76% of its phase space solve octant degeneracy, mass hierarchy (atmospherics), 32, m232 Astro and other physics: very sensitive to all the proton decay channels, observe supernovas burst and relic supernova neutrinos, indirect dark matter, transient astrophysical phenomena, etc. Work ongoing worldwide in all the aspects of the experiment Data taking around 2025 with current schedule 34
35 Stay tuned for many more exciting news from Hyper-Kamiokande! 35
36 Additional Slides 36
37 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, (2014) Muon Momentum in ND280 CC0π CC1π + 39% CCRes purity 63% CCQE purity Purity of each sample CCother 68% CCDis purity CC0π CC1π CCother CC0π 72.6% 6.4% 5.8% CC1π 8.6% 49.4% 7.8% CCother Bkg(NC+anti-nu) Out of FGD1 Fid Vol 11.4% 2.3% 5.1% 31% 6.8% 6.5% 73.8% 8.7% 3.9% 37
38 T2K Far Detector: Super-Kamiokande 50 kton (22.5 kton fiducial) water Cherenkov detector Good reconstruction for T2K energy range Particle Identification (PID) based on shape of Cherenkov rings 41.4m e- (492 MeV) Inner detector 11, PMTs Outer detector PMTs multiple scattering - fuzzy ring - (603 MeV) 0 decay (2 ) low scattering - sharply defined ring 2 rings reconstructed 39.3m Event displays show Monte Carlo 38
39 Results Systematic Errors w/ ND280 Fit Relative uncertainty (%) on the expected number of events (sin22θ13 = 0.1, sin2θ23 = 0.5,Δm232=2.4x10-3eV2, δcp = 0, NH) e Systematic sources 3.1 Flux & Combined Cross-Sections Independent Cross Sections Hadronic Interactions (FSI) SK Detector Efficiencies TOTAL
40 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, (2014) e Event Selection Event selection: Fully contained in fid. volume Only one reconstructed ring Ring is electron-like Visible energy > 100MeV No Michel Electrons Reconstructed energy < 1.25 GeV New SK reconstruction (~30% reduction in 0 background) 28 events in POT Erec < 1.25 GeV e-like μ-like single ringmulti-ring e-like π0-like Reconstruction 40 algorithm
41 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, (2014) T2K Observation of e Appearance sin2 2 θ13 = e appearance in a beam with REACTOR MEASUREMENT sin22 13 = ± sin2 2 θ13 = significance Best fit value for sin22 13 larger than the reactor value Due to CP-sin2 13 correlation, when applying the reactor constraint, region with sin22 13 small as possible is favoured. Maximum likelihood fit in (pe, e) Marginalized over 23 and m232 41
42 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, (2014) T2K Result Best-fit oscillation parameter values: Oscillation parameter NH IH sin ± m232 ( 10-3 ev2) 2.51 ± ± 0.10 Events: 120 (observed), ± 22.5 (no oscillation) Most precise measurement of sin2 23 and favours Maximal Mixing sin22 m2 42
43 NEUTRINO 2014 T2K Joint + e Analysis FC = Feldman Cousins Likelihood ratio fit to both + e event samples Plot includes constraint from reactor experiments as given by the PDG2013 (sin22 13 = ± 0.01) Consistent results with a Bayesian analysis sin2θ23, Δm232 and sin22θ13 are marginalized following the 3D Δ 2 surface from Run T2K has a slight hint for CP ~ /2 Preliminary CP excluded regions Best fit 90%CL ( ) NH [0.146;0.825] IH [-0.080;1.091] Future: Neutrino & Anti-neutrino running 43
44 T2K Future Sensitivity to CP Sensitivity studies to resolve sin CP 0 with POT. Best sensitivity expected for 50% and 50% anti- beam running. Projected reactor constraint sin22θ13= T2K data only NH NH 90% 1 T2K+NO A data Using joint oscillation analysis with realistic 2012 systematic errors (~10% e, ~13% ) Using GloBES, with 50% and anti- running for NOvA too. 44 Solid lines: no syst. error.
45 Overall Cost Estimate Total 800M USD Cavern 300M USD Tank & structure 200M USD Photo-sensors 200M USD High QE HPD Near Detector 30M Costs estimated based on the current design and including a new near detector. Proportional sharing of costs between the interested Countries is expected. 45
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