Fundamentals of WUFI-Plus WUFI Workshop NTNU / SINTEF 2008
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1 Fundamentals of WUFI-Plus WUFI Workshop NTNU / SINTEF 2008 Simultaneous Calculation of Transient Hygrothermal Conditions of Indoor Spaces and Building Envelopes
2 boundary conditions Building envelope Outdoor climate Indoor climate - ventilation - moisture source - CO 2 - source - heating system - cooling system constructions material data hygrothermal conditions of the building envelope hygrothermal simulations with WUFI -Plus Indoor climate energy consumption Slide 2
3 Envelope heat transport w φ = div ) φ t ( D grad( φ δ grad( φ )) φ + p p sat moisture transport H T T t = div ( λgrad( T )) + h div δ grad( φ p ) v p sat Whole Building dθ ρ ) i c V = Ajα j ( θ j θi + QSol + Q + n V ρ c θ il dt j ( θa i ) Q& vent & & + Moisture V dc dt i = j A j gw j + n V ( ca ci ) + W IMP + W Vent Slide 3
4 CO2 Slide 4 Humidity
5 Q structure θ room Q win.. Q source Q heat Q vent. Q adjacent Zone θ adjacent Zone Slide 5
6 Q structure θ room Q win.. Q source Q heat Q vent. Q adjacent Zone θ adjacent Zone Slide 6
7 θ room Slide 7
8 θ room Slide 8
9 Q structure Slide 9
10 Q structure Slide 10
11 Q structure Q structure = A U θ structure envelope structure ( θ ) t [ ] a, e a, i Wh with A U θ θ t a, e a, i m 2 W / m K K h 2 K Area U Value Outdoor temperatur e Room temperatur e time Slide 11
12 Q structure ( θ θ ) Q structure = Astructure h s a, envelope i with A q θ θ s a, i m 2 W / m K K 2 Area heat flux inner surface temperatur e Room temperatur e From WUFI-Pro w φ = div ) φ t ( D grad( φ δ grad ( φ )) φ + p p sat Slide 12
13 Q structure ( θ θ ) Q structure = Astructure h s a, envelope i with A q θ θ s a, i m 2 W / m K K 2 Area heat flux inner surface temperatur e Room temperatur e From WUFI-Pro Slide 13
14 Q structure Slide 14
15 Q structure Slide 17
16 Q windows Slide 18
17 Q windows Slide 19
18 Q windows Slide 20
19 Q windows Q window Q Q = Q i windows = Q Q i T S, i = ( fframe Aw Uwindows a, i θa, e SHGC A w I) t ( θ ) with f frame A U θ a CoG m 2 W/m K K 2 SHGC I W / m 2 frame reduction ratio Area U Value ( whole window ) Air temperature i : indoor e : exterior Solar heat gain coefficient Solar radiation Slide 21
20 Q windows Slide 22
21 Q windows Slide 23
22 Q windows Slide 24
23 Q windows Slide 25
24 Q windows U-value Slide 26
25 Q windows U-value U=1.6 W/m²K U=0.8 W/m²K Slide 27
26 Q windows Slide 28
27 Q windows Reduced Area Slide 29
28 Q windows U=1.5 W/m²K frame reduction = 0.7 U=1.5 W/m²K frame reduction = 0.5 Slide 30
29 Q windows Slide 31
30 Q windows Solar Gain Coefficient measures how well a window blocks heat from sunlight low SHGC less solar heat is transmitted Slide 32
31 Q windows Solar Gain Coefficient Triple-Glazed** with Low- Solar-Gain Low-E* Glass, Argon/Krypton Gas Single-Glazed with Clear Glass Slide 33
32 Q windows U=1.5 W/m²K SHGC = 0.6 U=1.5 W/m²K SHGC = 0.3 Slide 34
33 Q windows Solar Gain Coefficient Slide 35
34 Q windows Solar Gain Coefficient Slide 36
35 Q windows Solar Gain Coefficient Slide 37
36 Q windows U=1.5 W/m²K SHGC = simple U=1.5 W/m²K SHGC = detailed Slide 38
37 Q windows Slide 39
38 Q windows Slide 40
39 Influence of Shading and Cooling Systems Slide 41
40 Influence of Shading and Cooling Systems Case Shading criteria Cooling max. Temp. West C1 off C2 on 27 C C W/m 2 off C W/m 2 on 27 C C C off C W/m 2 off Slide 42
41 Influence of Shading and Cooling Systems Case Shading criteria Cooling max. Temp. C1 off C2 on 27 C C W/m 2 off C W/m 2 on 27 C C C off C W/m 2 off Slide 43
42 Influence of Shading and Cooling Systems Case Shading criteria Cooling max. Temp. C1 off C2 on 27 C C W/m 2 off C W/m 2 on 27 C C C off C W/m 2 off Slide 44
43 Q ventilation How much? Slide 45
44 Q ventilation ( ) Q ventilation cp, a a Vi n Ta, i Ta, e = ρ with c p, a J/kgK specific heat capacity of air ρ V n T i a a kg/m m 3 1/ h K 3 density of air Volume of Zone i Air change rate Air temperature i : indoor e : exterior Slide 46
45 Q ventilation Slide 50
46 ASHARE 62-2 Slide 58
47 ASHARE 62-2 Infiltration Credit: 10l/s per 100m² Slide 59
48 G structure ϕ room G source G Hum G vent. G adjacent Zone ϕ adjacent Zone Humidity Slide 60
49 The importance of Moisture Only and Moisture 30 air temperature average surf. temperature 30 air temperature average surf. temperature Temperature [ C] Temperature [ C] inner 100 inner Rel. Humidity [%] Rel. Humidity [%] Time [d] Time [d] Slide 61
50 ϕ room Humidity Slide 62
51 ϕ room Recommended criteria for the dimension of humidification/dehumidification Furthermore a limitation of the absolute humidity at 12 g/kg is recommended Category max. RH for dehumidification min. RH for humidification I II Humidity III IV >70 <20 Slide 63
52 Structure and adjacent Zones Q structure = A structure envelope g m with A g m m 2 2 kg / m h Area Moisture flux over the inner surface From WUFI-Pro H T T t = div ( ) ( λgrad( T )) + h div δ grad( φ p ) v p sat Humidity Slide 64
53 Structure and adjacent Zones Q structure = A structure envelope g m with A g m m 2 2 kg / m h Area Moisture flux over the inner surface From WUFI-Pro Humidity Slide 65
54 Ventilation ( c c ) Q ventilation = Vi n a, i a, e with V n c i a m 3 1/ h kg / m³ Volume of Zone i Air change rate Absolute MoistureContent i : indoor e : exterior Humidity Slide 66
55 C room G source G vent. CO 2 Humidity Slide 67
56 Normal CO2 Levels normal outside levels: ppm acceptable levels: < 600 ppm complaints of stiffness and odors: ppm ASHRAE standard: 1000 ppm general drowsiness: ppm adverse health effects expected: ppm Humidity CO 2 maximum allowed concentration within a 8 hour working period: 5000 ppm Carbon Dioxide Standard Levels The recommendation in ASHRAE standard are classrooms and conference rooms 15 cfm per occupant office space and restaurants 20 cfm per occupant hospitals 25 cfm per occupant Slide 68
57 Slide 69 exterior e indoor i Concentration CO ppm C rate change Air h n Zone i Volume m V with CO i : : 1/, S C V n C V n dt dc V e CO i CO i CO i + + =,,, Humidity CO 2
58 Sources CO 2 Humidity Slide 70
59 Sources CO 2 Humidity Slide 71
60 Sources CO 2 Humidity Slide 72
61 Sources CO 2 Humidity Slide 73
62 Sources Moisture CO 2 Humidity Slide 74
63 Sources Moisture CO 2 Humidity Slide 75
64 Sources CO 2 S CO 2, = 17 M [ l / h] where 1Met = 58 W/m 2 CO 2 Humidity Slide 76
65 Ventilation Strategies 1. No 2. Temperature 3. Relative Humidity 4. C0 2 CO 2 Humidity Slide 77
66 Fundamentals of WUFI-Plus Simultaneous Calculation of Transient Hygrothermal Conditions of Indoor Spaces and Building Envelopes
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