Ph 3455/MSE 3255 Experiment 2: Atomic Spectra
|
|
- Bethanie Stevenson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ph 3455/MSE 3255 Experiment 2: Atomic Spectra Background Reading: Tipler, Llewellyn pp Apparatus: Spectrometer, sodium lamp, hydrogen lamp, mercury lamp, diffraction grating, watchmaker eyeglass, small flashlight. Prelab Questions: 1. What would be the diffraction angle, in first order, for a diffraction grating with a separation between rulings of 2 micrometers when observing the yellow sodium line? What would be the diffraction angle in second order? 2. Use the Rydberg-Ritz formula to calculate the wavelength for the n 2 = 3 to n 1 = 1 transition in hydrogen. Why can t this line be observed with the diffraction grating? I. Introduction Atomic spectra will be studied in this experiment using a diffraction grating mounted in a spectrometer. An atomic transition in sodium will be used to calibrate the line spacing of the grating, then the grating will be used to determine the Rydberg constant in hydrogen. II. Spectrometer A schematic drawing of the spectrometer is shown in Fig. 1. Light from the source enters the collimator tube through an adjustable slit and is formed into a parallel beam by the collimator lens. The beam enters the diffraction grating which produces sharp interference maxima at angles that are characteristic of the wavelengths of the incident light. Light from the diffraction grating then passes into a telescope. The objective lens and eyepiece of the telescope form an image which the observer aligns with a crosshair to measure the diffraction angle. The spectrometer is calibrated by using the two bright lines of sodium (sodium D lines). These two lines, with wavelengths λ = nm and nm, are so closely spaced that they can be regarded as one line with a wavelength of nm. 2-1
2 Figure 1. Spectrometer III. Diffraction Grating A diffraction grating is a sheet of celluloid which has a large number of evenly-spaced parallel lines ruled on it. The celluloid is sandwiched between glass plates. When parallel light is incident on such a grating, the light is diffracted with maxima at angles θ which satisfy the relation: d sinθ = nλ (1) where d is the distance between successive rulings, λ is the wavelength of the incident light, and n is an integer called the order of the spectrum. This equation is derived in many elementary textbooks. Eq. 1 is not used directly in the experiment since it is difficult to align the diffraction grating exactly perpendicular to the light beam. It can be proved that, if the grating is misaligned, the diffraction maximum on one side of the beam, called θ n as in Fig. 2, is displaced nearly the same amount as the maximum on the other side, called θ. Therefore, if half the difference between these angles is used in Eq. 1, misalignment errors n 2-2
3 nearly cancel. Thus Eq. 1 becomes θ d sin θ 2 n n = nλ (2) Figure 2. Diffracted beam from grating The spacing d is not known precisely for your grating. Therefore the spectrometer will be calibrated using a spectral line of known wavelength. Eq. 2 will be used in the form θ θ sin 2 n n = Kλ where the constant K is determined in the calibration procedure. (3) Note that it is necessary to measure a particular order of interference on both the left and right sides in order to use Eq. 3. Because most gratings do not produce equally intense light on both sides of the diffraction grating, some lines may be too weak to be seen on both sides in all orders. Such lines cannot be used. IV. Alignment The spectrometer has three components which must be aligned the collimator, the telescope and the grating. See Fig. 3 for the relative position of these elements. 2-3
4 The collimator is used to produce parallel rays from a source of light placed by its slit. It consists of a main tube, fitted at one end with an adjustable slit, and at the other, a small draw tube containing a lens. The draw tube may be slid in or out of the main tube, so as to place the slit in the focal plane of the lens. Figure 3. Spectrometer The telescope is used to receive parallel rays of light from the collimator after they have been diffracted by the grating mounted on the optical stage. It consists of a main tube which is fitted at one end with an objective lens. The other end holds a draw tube fitted with an eyepiece containing focusable cross hairs. The draw tube may be slid in or out of the main tube so as to focus the telescope at infinity, and the eyepiece may be slid in or out of the draw tube to bring the crosshairs into focus. The telescope may be rotated about the central axis of the instrument and then clamped into position. There is a fine motion tangent screw for precise positioning of the telescope. The rotation of the telescope is controlled by using a locking screw below the telescope. This screw should always be unlocked when rotating the telescope. When unlocked, the telescope will move freely using only slight pressure. The parts need not be forced to 2-4
5 move. A tangent screw next to the locking screw is used for fine adjustments after the locking screw is tightened. The diffraction grating is supported by an optical stage which has an adjustable vertical position and can be rotated. The locking screw just below the grating should be loosened before the grating is rotated. The optical-stage locking screw at the base of the spectrometer (see Fig. 3) should be locked. It is not used in this experiment. The face of the diffraction grating is delicate and should not be touched. If you must handle the grating, hold it by the edges. Turn on the hydrogen, sodium, and mercury lamps so that they will be operating in a stable mode when you are ready to begin measurements. The following steps will align the spectrometer: A. Telescope Rotate the eyepiece in the telescope clockwise and move in or out to obtain a sharp image of the crosshair. Rotate the eyepiece until one of the crosshairs is parallel to the plane of the rotation of the telescope. The other cross hair will then be vertical if the spectrometer is in a horizontal plane. If the spectrometer is not in a horizontal plane, see your lab instructor. Loosen lock #1 in Fig. 1 (just below the grating) and carefully lift and remove the grating platform. Rotate the telescope so that it points at a distant object such as a wall. With Adj. A shown in Fig. 1, focus the telescope so that the image of the wall coincides with the crosshairs. The position of the telescope objective lens (Adj. A) should not be changed during the rest of the experiment once this condition has been attained. However, the eyepiece can be readjusted if a different observer is to use the spectrometer. B. Collimator Subdue ambient lighting if necessary. Widen the slit on the collimator to about 0.5 millimeter by using knob Adj. C in Fig. 1. Swing the telescope out of the way and look through the collimator to observe the slit image of the source. Center the sodium source in front of the collimator to get the maximum intensity for the slit image. 2-5
6 Unlock the telescope, if necessary, and position it directly opposite the collimator so as to be able to view the image of the slit. Lock the telescope in place. Using metal knob Adj. B, slide the draw tube of the collimator in or out until the slit is seen in focus, with sharp edges and exhibiting no parallax in relation to the crosshairs. If the slit is not parallel to the vertical cross hair, loosen the locking ring at the slit and rotate the slit for parallel alignment with the crosshair. Then use the locking ring to clamp the slit in place. The collimator is now adjusted. C. Diffraction grating With knob #1 loosened, replace the optical stage with the grating aligned perpendicular to the collimator, as determined by eye. The mount should be rotated so that the grating is between its support and the telescope. Tighten knob #1. V. Apparatus Carry out the following preliminary operations to familiarize yourself with the spectrometer. Use a sodium lamp as the light source and set the telescope directly in line with the collimator so that you can see the image of the slit as a vertical yellow line. This is the zero order. Try adjusting the width of the slit by turning the small screw (Adj. C) at the outer end of the collimator. It is easier to work with a wider slit when looking for images and then narrow it down for accurate location and measurement. Observe that the telescope arm can be rotated around the grating table which is calibrated in degrees. A vernier scale moving with the telescope will allow readings to ± 1 minute. There is a clamping screw beneath the telescope and a fine adjustment screw at the side, which only operates when the telescope is locked. The fine adjustment screw allows the cross hair to be accurately located on the line to be measured. VI. Calibration of grating 1. Rotate the telescope so that it looks directly into the collimator at the image of the slit. Observe the central band (n = 0, zero order) slit image and reduce the slit width to form a thin bright image that can be easily observed. 2-6
7 2. Move the telescope arm to align the slit image with the vertical cross-hair. Lock the telescope in place with the locking screw, then use the tangent screw for fine adjustment of the crosshair. 3. Read the angular position of the telescope arm on the graduated scale; you will need the watchmaker eyeglass for this reading. Note that this reading is obtained from a vernier scale and can be measured to an accuracy of one minute of arc. Some sample vernier scale readings are presented in Fig. 4. Figure 4. Two examples of how to read the vernier scale Record the uncertainty θ with which the angular position can be measured. 4. Now place your eye to the right of the telescope and, looking into the diffraction grating, move back and forth to see the first order (n = 1) image of the slit. 5. Measure the first order diffraction angle by loosening the locking screw on the telescope and swing it to the right. An easy way to do this is to first swing your head over until you see the spectrum, then, without moving your head, swing the telescope in front of your eye. 6. Once again lock the telescope in place and use the tangent screw to align the crosshair with the center of the image. Read the angular position and record this measurement as the right side, first order (n = 1) angular positionθ
8 7. Now place your eye to the left of the central (n = 0) position and look for the first order (n = 1) image. Measure this angle and record it as the left side, first order (n = 1) angular positionθ Use these angles and the wavelength of sodium (589.3 nm) to calculate K in Eq. 3 and, from K, the number of lines per cm on the diffraction grating. Check your result with the lab instructor before moving on. VII. Hydrogen Spectrum The visible lines in the hydrogen spectrum are shown on a wall chart in the laboratory. There are four: one red, one blue-green and two violet. The second violet line is considerably weaker than the first; it may not be visible. 1. Replace the sodium calibration source with the hydrogen lamp. Bring the lamp as close to the slit as possible. Be careful not to disturb the alignment of the spectrometer. 2. Adjust the position of the source to give maximum brightness for the zero-order maximum. This is most easily done by swinging the telescope out of the way. 3. Measure the position of the telescope for each of the visible lines in the hydrogen spectrum in first order. Once again, open the slit as you move between lines or between orders and close it for the final measurement. Identify each angle to indicate the corresponding color. Remember that it is crucial to observe both positive and negative orders of interference. VIII. Mercury Spectrum Remove the hydrogen source and replace it with the mercury (Hg) source. Look at the wall chart and pick out three mercury lines to measure. Locate these lines and measure them for both positive and negative orders of interference (in first order). IX. Report Your lab report should address all of the following points. Introduction Describe how you calibrated the diffraction grating. Include your measurements and show how you calculated the constant K in Eq. 3. Use your error estimate on the angle reading ( θ) to make an error estimate on K. Use your value of K to determine the numbers of rulings per cm of the diffraction grating you used. 2-8
9 Determine the wavelengths of all the visible lines of hydrogen by means of Eq. 3 and your measured angles. Show a sample calculation of how you obtain the wavelength from your measured data. You should also use your error estimate on the angle reading ( θ) and on K ( K) along with the propagation of error formulae to determine the error on each of your wavelength determinations. Show a sample calculation of this. Include everything (angle measurements, calculated wavelengths and their errors) in a table. The Rydberg-Ritz formula for the wavelengths in the spectrum of atomic hydrogen is = R 2 2 λ n1 n2 where n 1 =2 for the visible Balmer series and n 2 takes on positive integral values greater than 2. Using your measured values for λ, find by trial and error the proper values of n 2 and then solve for the Rydberg constant R. Determine the error on each of your determinations of R (from the error on the wavelength). Determine your final value of R (and its error) by computing the weighted average of your determinations of R. Compare with the accepted value of R = cm -1. Finally, draw an energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom and indicate the transitions that correspond to each of the lines you observed. Determine the wavelengths (and errors) of the Hg lines you measured and compare them to the accepted values you read from the wall chart in class. Summarize these results in a table. Conclusion 2-9
THE DIFFRACTION GRATING SPECTROMETER
Purpose Theory THE DIFFRACTION GRATING SPECTROMETER a. To study diffraction of light using a diffraction grating spectrometer b. To measure the wavelengths of certain lines in the spectrum of the mercury
More informationLaboratory #29: Spectrometer
INDIANA UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, P309 LABORATORY Laboratory #29: Spectrometer Goal: Learn to adjust an optical spectrometer, use a transmission grating to measure known spectral lines of mercury,
More informationThe Quantum Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Physics 109 Science 1 Experiment 1 1 The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen Atom In this experiment you will use a spectrometer to determine the wavelengths of the visible lines of atomic hydrogen. The goal
More informationLab 5: Spectroscopy & the Hydrogen Atom Phy248 Spring 2009
Lab 5: Spectroscopy & the Hydrogen Atom Phy248 Spring 2009 Name Section Return this spreadsheet to your TA that will use it to score your lab. To receive full credit you must use complete sentences and
More informationThe Grating Spectrometer and Atomic Spectra
PHY 192 Grating Spectrometer Spring 2012 1 The Grating Spectrometer and Atomic Spectra Introduction In the previous experiment diffraction and interference were discussed and at the end a diffraction grating
More informationLab 10: Spectroscopy & the Hydrogen Atom Phy208 Fall 2008
Lab 10: Spectroscopy & the Hydrogen Atom Phy208 Fall 2008 Name Section This sheet is the lab document your TA will use to score your lab. It is to be turned in at the end of lab. To receive full credit
More informationDISPERSION OF A GLASS PRISM
PH2 page 1 DISPERSION OF A GLASS PRISM OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to analyze the emission spectrum of helium and to analyze the dispersion of a glass prism by measuring the index of
More informationExperiment #5: Cauchy s Formula
Experiment #5: Cauchy s Formula Carl Adams October 14, 2011 1 Purpose This experiment is a continuation of Experiment #4. It is assumed you have an aligned spectrometer. 2 Safety/Protocol 1. The gas discharge
More informationAny first year text, sections on atomic structure, spectral lines and spectrometers
Physics 33 Experiment 5 Atomic Spectra References Any first year text, sections on atomic structure, spectral lines and spectrometers Any modern physics text, eg F.K. Richtmeyer, E.H. Kennard and J.N.
More informationEXPERIMENT 14. The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
Name: Laboratory Section: Laboratory Section Date: Partners Names: Grade: Last Revised on March 18, 2003 EXPERIMENT 14 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen 0. Pre-Laboratory Work [2 pts] 1. You will be using
More informationE. K. A. ADVANCED PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS 3081, 4051 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION
E. K. A. ADVANCED PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS 3081, 4051 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION References for Fraunhofer Diffraction 1. Jenkins and White Fundamentals of Optics. Chapters on Fraunhofer diffraction and
More informationOptics. Measuring the line spectra of inert gases and metal vapors using a prism spectrometer. LD Physics Leaflets P
Optics Spectrometer Prism spectrometer LD Physics Leaflets P5.7.1.1 Measuring the line spectra of inert gases and metal vapors using a prism spectrometer Objects of the experiment Adjusting the prism spectrometer.
More informationAtomic emission spectra experiment
Atomic emission spectra experiment Contents 1 Overview 1 2 Equipment 1 3 Measuring the grating spacing using the sodium D-lines 4 4 Measurement of hydrogen lines and the Rydberg Constant 5 5 Measurement
More informationThe Grating Spectrometer and Atomic Spectra
PHY 192 Grating Spectrometer 1 The Grating Spectrometer and Atomic Spectra Introduction In the previous experiment diffraction and interference were discussed and at the end a diffraction grating was introduced.
More informationEXPERIMENT 12 THE GRATING SPECTROMETER AND ATOMIC SPECTRA
OBJECTIVES Learn the theory of the grating spectrometer Observe the spectrum of mercury and hydrogen Measure the grating constant of a diffraction grating Measure the Rydberg Constant EXPERIMENT THE GRATING
More informationThe Emission Spectra of Light
The Emission Spectra of Light Objectives: Theory: 1.... measured the wavelength limits of the color bands in the visible spectrum, 2.... measured the wavelengths of the emission lines of the hydrogen Balmer
More informationExperiment #4: Optical Spectrometer and the Prism Deviation
Experiment #4: Optical Spectrometer and the Prism Deviation Carl Adams October 2, 2011 1 Purpose In the first part of this lab you will set up and become familiar with an optical spectrometer. In the second
More informationName Date: Course number: MAKE SURE TA & TI STAMPS EVERY PAGE BEFORE YOU START EXPERIMENT 14. The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
Laboratory Section: Last Revised on September 21, 2016 Partners Names: Grade: EXPERIMENT 14 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen 0. Pre-Laboratory Work [2 pts] 1. You will be using a diffraction grating in
More informationPre-lab Quiz/PHYS 224. Your name Lab section
Pre-lab Quiz/PHYS 224 THE DIFFRACTION GRATING AND THE OPTICAL SPECTRUM Your name Lab section 1. What are the goals of this experiment? 2. If the period of a diffraction grating is d = 1,000 nm, where the
More informationATOMIC SPECTRA. Objective:
1 ATOMIC SPECTRA Objective: To measure the wavelengths of visible light emitted by atomic hydrogen and verify the measured wavelengths against those predicted by quantum theory. To identify an unknown
More informationTo determine the wavelengths of light emitted by a mercury vapour lamp by using a diffraction grating.
12. Diffraction grating OBJECT To determine the wavelengths of light emitted by a mercury vapour lamp by using a diffraction grating. INTRODUCTION: Consider a light beam transmitted through an aperture
More informationPhysics 24, Spring 2007 Lab 2 - Complex Spectra
Physics 24, Spring 2007 Lab 2 - Complex Spectra Theory The optical spectra of isolated atoms consist of discrete, unequally spaced lines. This fact could not be understood on the basis of classical atomic
More informationATOMIC SPECTRA. To identify elements through their emission spectra. Apparatus: spectrometer, spectral tubes, power supply, incandescent lamp.
ATOMIC SPECTRA Objective: To measure the wavelengths of visible light emitted by atomic hydrogen and verify the measured wavelengths against those predicted by quantum theory. To identify elements through
More informationPhysics 23 Fall 1998 Lab 4 - The Hydrogen Spectrum
Physics 3 Fall 998 Lab 4 - The Hydrogen Spectrum Theory In the late 800's, it was known that when a gas is excited by means of an electric discharge and the light emitted is viewed through a diffraction
More informationEmission Spectrum of Atomic Gases. Prelab Questions
Emission Spectrum of Atomic Gases Prelab Questions Before this coming to this lab, please review your text for the physics of the spectrum of visible light and of diffraction grating spectrometer.. Which
More informationHYDROGEN SPECTRUM. Figure 1 shows the energy level scheme for the hydrogen atom as calculated from equation. Figure 1 Figure 2
15 Jul 04 Hydrogen.1 HYDROGEN SPECTRUM In this experiment the wavelengths of the visible emission lines of hydrogen (Balmer series) will be measured and compared to the values predicted by Bohr s quantum
More informationPHYSICS 122/124 Lab EXPERIMENT NO. 9 ATOMIC SPECTRA
PHYSICS 1/14 Lab EXPERIMENT NO. 9 ATOMIC SPECTRA The purpose of this laboratory is to study energy levels of the Hydrogen atom by observing the spectrum of emitted light when Hydrogen atoms make transitions
More informationDetermination of Cauchy s Contants
8. Determination of Cauchy s Contants 8.1 Objective: To determine Cauchy s Constants using a prism and spectrometer. Apparatus: Glass prism, spectrometer and mercury vapour lamp. 8. Theory: The wavelength
More informationAtomic Spectra HISTORY AND THEORY
Atomic Spectra HISTORY AND THEORY When atoms of a gas are excited (by high voltage, for instance) they will give off light. Each element (in fact, each isotope) gives off a characteristic atomic spectrum,
More informationn(λ) = c/v(λ). Figure 1: Dispersion curves for some common optical glass types.
Physics 2310 Lab 2: The Dispersion of Optical Glass Dr. Michael Pierce (Univ. of Wyoming) Based on a lab by Dr. M. Kruger (Univ. of Missouri, Kansas City) Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to introduce
More informationLAB 10: OPTICAL MATERIALS AND DISPERSION I
OPTI 202L - Geometrical and Instrumental Optics Lab LAB 10: OPTICAL MATERIALS AND DISPERSION I 10-1 Measuring the refractive index of a material is one of the most fundamental optical measurements, and
More informationVisible Spectrometer
Visible Spectrometer Experiment VIS University of Florida Department of Physics PHY4803L Advanced Physics Laboratory Objective The Balmer spectral lines from a hydrogen discharge lamp are observed with
More informationNORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS DEPARTMENT. Physics 211 E&M and Quantum Physics Spring Lab #9: Diffraction Spectroscopy
NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS DEPARTMENT Physics 211 E&M and Quantum Physics Spring 2018 Lab #9: Diffraction Spectroscopy Lab Writeup Due: Mon/Wed/Thu/Fri, April 30/ May 2/3/4, 2018 Background All
More informationDispersion of light by a prism
Dispersion of light by a prism Aim: (i) To calculate refractive index µ of a prism for various wavelengths (λ) of Hg and to find dispersive power of the material of the prism (ii) To plot µ-/λ curve and
More informationLab report 30 EXPERIMENT 4. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
30 EXPERIMENT 4. REFRACTION OF LIGHT Lab report Go to your course homepage on Sakai (Resources, Lab templates) to access the online lab report worksheet for this experiment. The worksheet has to be completed
More informationDIFFRACTION GRATING. OBJECTIVE: To use the diffraction grating in the formation of spectra and in the measurement of wavelengths.
DIFFRACTION GRATING OBJECTIVE: To use the diffraction grating in the formation of spectra and in the measurement of wavelengths. THEORY: The operation of the grating is depicted in Fig. 1 on page Lens
More informationRydberg constant from atomic spectra of gases
Page 1 of 8 Rydberg constant from atomic spectra of gases Objective - Calibrating a prism spectrometer to convert the scale readings in wavelengths of spectral lines. - Observing the Balmer series of atomic
More informationAtomic Spectra. d sin θ = mλ (1)
Atomic Spectra Objectives: To measure the wavelengths of visible light emitted by atomic hydrogen and verify that the measured wavelengths obey the empirical Rydberg formula. To observe emission spectra
More informationPC1144 Physics IV. Atomic Spectra
PC1144 Physics IV Atomic Spectra 1 Objectives Investigate how well the visible light wavelengths of hydrogen predicted by the Bohr theory agree with experimental values. Determine an experimental value
More informationEXPERIMENT 12 THE WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT; THE DIFFRACTION GRATING
EXPERIMENT 12 THE WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT; THE DIFFRACTION GRATING INTRODUCTION: One of the most fascinating chapters in the history of physics has been the search for an understanding of the true nature of
More informationDiffraction of light by a grating
(ta initials) first name (print) last name (print) brock id (ab17cd) (lab date) Experiment 5 Diffraction of light by a grating In this Experiment you will learn the geometical analysis of a diffraction
More informationChapter 4. Dispersion of Glass. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Apparatus
Chapter 4 Dispersion of Glass 4.1 Introduction This experiment will develop skills in choosing a suitable fit for data and plotting the resulting curve. Curve fitting will count for a big chunk of the
More informationSpectrum of Hydrogen. Physics 227 Lab
Introduction In today's lab you will be dealing with an area of physics called quantum mechanics. The only quantum mechanical idea that you will be using today is that electrons in an atom can exist only
More informationLAB 12 ATOMIC SPECTRA
217 Name Date Partners LAB 12 ATOMIC SPECTRA OBJECTIVES Review the quantum nature of light and how light photons are produced in atoms. Learn to use an optical spectrometer to measure light wavelengths.
More informationEXPERIMENT 5:Determination of the refractive index (µ) of the material of a prism using sprectometer
EXPERIMENT 5:Determination of the refractive index (µ) of the material of a prism using sprectometer Debangshu Mukherjee B.Sc Physics,1st year Chennai Mathematical Institute 17.10.008 1 Aim of Experiment
More informationUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst
PHYSICS 286: Modern Physics Laboratory SPRING 2010 (A. Dinsmore and K. Kumar) Feb 2009 Experiment 4: THE FRANCK HERTZ EXPERIMENT Electronic Excitations of a Gas, and Evidence for the Quantization of Atomic
More informationAPAS Laboratory { PAGE } Spectroscopy SPECTROSCOPY
SPECTROSCOPY SYNOPSIS: In this lab you will eplore different types of emission spectra, calibrate a spectrometer using the spectrum of a known element, and use your calibration to identify an unknown element.
More informationVisible Spectrometer
Visible Spectrometer Experiment VIS University of Florida Department of Physics PHY4803L Advanced Physics Laboratory Objective The Balmer spectral lines from a hydrogen discharge lamp are observed with
More informationDispersion of Glass Introduction Apparatus Theory
Dispersion of Glass Introduction This experiment will develop skills in aligning and using a spectrometer to measure dispersion of glass, and choosing a suitable fit for data and plotting the resulting
More informationAtomic Spectra 1. Name Date Partners ATOMIC SPECTRA
Atomic Spectra 1 Name Date Partners ATOMIC SPECTRA Sodium Mercury Lithium Hydrogen Atomic line spectra are characteristic for every element. These are emission spectra (without color). OBJECTIVES Review
More informationAtomic spectra of one and two-electron systems
Atomic spectra of one and two-electron systems Key Words Term symbol, Selection rule, Fine structure, Atomic spectra, Sodium D-line, Hund s rules, Russell-Saunders coupling, j-j coupling, Spin-orbit coupling,
More informationDispersion and resolving power of the prism and grating spectroscope (Item No.: P )
Dispersion and resolving power of the prism and grating spectroscope (Item No.: P2210300) Curricular Relevance Area of Expertise: Physics Education Level: University Topic: Light and Optics Subtopic: Diffraction
More informationThe Spectrophotometer and Atomic Spectra of Hydrogen Physics 246
The Spectrophotometer and Atomic Spectra of Hydrogen Physics 46 Introduction: When heated sufficiently, most elements emit light. With a spectrometer, the emitted light can be broken down into its various
More informationNote: Common units for visible light wavelengths are the Angstrom (Å) and the nanometer (nm).
Modern Physics Laboratory Spectra and Spectrometers, Balmer Spectrum of Hydrogen In this experiment, we display continuous and discrete emission spectra and explore the use of several types of spectrometers.
More informationInstruction Manual and Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Model SP E 2/96 STUDENT SPECTROMETER. Copyright January 1991 $7.
Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Model SP-9268 012-02135E 2/96 STUDENT SPECTROMETER Copyright January 1991 $7.50 012-02135E Spectrometer Table of Contents Section Page
More informationExperiment 24: Spectroscopy
Experiment 24: Spectroscopy Figure 24.1: Spectroscopy EQUIPMENT High Voltage Power Supply Incandescent Light Source (3) Gas Discharge Tubes: 1. Helium 2. Hydrogen 3. Unknown Element Spectrometer Felt (1)
More informationProtokoll. Grundpraktikum II - Optical Spectroscopy
Protokoll Grundpraktikum II - Optical Spectroscopy 1 Elaboration 1.1 Optical Spectroscopy Student: Hauke Rasch, Martin Borchert Tutor: Madsen Date: 22.October2014 This experiment is about the fundamental
More informationAtomic and nuclear physics
Atomic and nuclear physics Atomic shell Normal Zeeman effect LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets Observing the normal Zeeman effect in transverse and longitudinal Objects of the experiment Observing the line triplet
More informationOperating Instructions Spectro-Goniometer Student. 1 Functional Elements. 2 Safety Precautions. Figure 1: Spectro-Goniometer Student
Operating Instructions Spectro-Goniometer Student 1 Functional Elements Figure 1: Spectro-Goniometer Student 1. Adjustable entrance slit, holding screw for slit cover 2. Lock ring fixing entrance slit
More information4. Dispersion. The index of refraction of the prism at the input wavelength can be calculated using
4. Dispersion In this lab we will explore how the index of refraction of a material depends on the of the incident light. We first study the phenomenon of minimum deviation of a prism. We then measure
More informationUsing the Spectrometer
Using the Spectrometer Introduction When an atom is stimulated it can respond by emitting a spectrum of light. The spectrum comprises discrete wavelengths whose values are characteristic of the particular
More informationPhysics 1CL OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY Spring 2010
Introduction In this lab, you will use a diffraction grating to split up light into the various colors which make up the different wavelengths of the visible electromagnetic spectrum. You will assemble
More information10. Wavelength measurement using prism spectroscopy
Spk 0. Wavelength measurement using prism spectroscopy 0. Introduction The study of emitted spectra of electromagnetic waves by excited atoms makes for one of the most important methods to investigate
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - SANTA CRUZ DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PHYS 133 PROFESSOR: SHER. Atomic Spectra. Benjamin Stahl
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - SANTA CRUZ DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PHYS 133 PROFESSOR: SHER Atomic Spectra Benjamin Stahl Lab Partners: Aaron Lopez & Dillon Teal April 2, 2014 Abstract As an introduction to spectroscopy,
More information4. Dispersion. The index of refraction of the prism at the input wavelength can be calculated using
4. Dispersion In this lab we will explore how the index of refraction of a material depends on the of the incident light. We first study the phenomenon of minimum deviation of a prism. We then measure
More informationInterferometers. PART 1: Michelson Interferometer The Michelson interferometer is one of the most useful of all optical instru
Interferometers EP421 Lab Interferometers Introduction: Interferometers are the key to accurate distance measurement using optics. Historically, when mechanical measurements dominated, interferometers
More informationObservation of Atomic Spectra
Observation of Atomic Spectra Introduction In this experiment you will observe and measure the wavelengths of different colors of light emitted by atoms. You will first observe light emitted from excited
More informationEXPERIMENT NO. 6. OBJECT: To determine the wavelength of any three lines of mercury light by diffraction grating in1 st and 2 nd order spectrum.
EXPEIMENT NO. 6 OBJECT: To determine the wavelength of any three lines of mercury light by diffraction grating in1 st and 2 nd order spectrum. APPAATUS: A diffraction grating, Spectrometer, spirit level,
More informationL-7 SPECTROMETER. (3) To plot a dispersion curve for the glass prism, and use the curve for the identification of unknown wavelengths.
http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/scenario/labman3/spectrom.htm 1. PURPOSE: L-7 SPECTROMETER (1) To learn the use of a prism spectrometer. (2) To accurately determine the index of refraction of a glass prism
More informationExperiment O-2. The Michelson Interferometer
Experiment O-2 The Michelson Interferometer The Michelson interferometer is one of the best known and historically important interferometers. It is a very accurate length-measuring device and has been
More informationQuantum Physics Objective: Apparatus:
1 Quantum Physics Objective: 1. To measure the wavelengths of visible light emitted by atomic hydrogen and verify the measured wavelengths against those predicted by quantum theory. To identify an unknown
More informationONE-ELECTRON AND TWO-ELECTRON SPECTRA
ONE-ELECTRON AND TWO-ELECTRON SPECTRA (A) FINE STRUCTURE AND ONE-ELECTRON SPECTRUM PRINCIPLE AND TASK The well-known spectral lines of He are used for calibrating the diffraction spectrometer. The wavelengths
More informationAtomic Spectra. Eric Reichwein David Steinberg Department of Physics University of California, Santa Cruz. August 30, 2012
Atomic Spectra Eric Reichwein David Steinberg Department of Physics University of California, Santa Cruz August 30, 0 Abstract To observe helium spectral lines we used a spectrometer. From a table of known
More informationPhysics 1C OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY Rev. 2-AH. Introduction
Introduction In this lab you will use a diffraction grating to split up light into its various colors (like a rainbow). You will assemble a spectrometer, incorporating the diffraction grating. A spectrometer
More informationLABORATORY WRITE-UP MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER LAB AUTHOR S NAME GOES HERE STUDENT NUMBER:
LABORATORY WRITE-UP MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER LAB AUTHOR S NAME GOES HERE STUDENT NUMBER: 111-22-3333 MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER 1. PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment is to give some practice in using
More informationIntroduction. Procedure and Data
Introduction The spectrum is the entire range over which some measurable property of a physical system of phenomenon can vary. Systems that have spectrums include sound frequency, electromagnetic radiation
More informationPHY Atomic Spectra
Page 1 of 6 PHY 124 - Atomic Spectra The purpose of this laboratory is to study transitions between energy levels of the hydrogen atom by observing the spectrum of light emitted when the atoms make transitions
More informationwhere c m s (1)
General Physics Experiment 6 Spectrum of Hydrogen s Emission Lines Objectives: < To determine wave lengths of the bright emission lines of hydrogen. < To test the relationship between wavelength and energy
More informationPHYS General Physics II Lab The Balmer Series for Hydrogen Source. c = speed of light = 3 x 10 8 m/s
PHYS 1040 - General Physics II Lab The Balmer Series for Hydrogen Source Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the emission of light from a hydrogen source and measure and the wavelengths
More informationAtomic Spectra & Electron Energy Levels
CHM151LL: ATOMIC SPECTRA & ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS 1 Atomic Spectra & Electron Energy Levels OBJECTIVES: To measure the wavelength of visible light emitted by excited atoms to calculate the energy of that
More informationx Builders Level Service Manual
40-690 22x Builders Level Service Manual Item Description Pages.0 Overall Instrument Assembly 2. Main Assembly 2.2 Telescope Assembly 3.3 Base Assembly 4.4 Frame Assembly 5 2.0 Calibration 6-8 2. Vial
More informationhigh energy state for the electron in the atom low energy state for the electron in the atom
Atomic Spectra Objectives The objectives of this experiment are to: 1) Build and calibrate a simple spectroscope capable of measuring wavelengths of visible light. 2) Measure several wavelengths of light
More informationExperiment 7: Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom
Experiment 7: Spectrum of the Hydrogen Nate Saffold nas2173@columbia.edu Office Hour: Mondays, 5:30-6:30PM INTRO TO EXPERIMENTAL PHYS-LAB 1493/1494/2699 Introduction The physics behind: The spectrum of
More informationINTRODUCTION TO THE TELESCOPE
INTRODUCTION TO THE TELESCOPE What will you learn in this Lab? For a few of the labs this semester, you will be using an 8-inch Celestron telescope to take observations. This lab will introduce you to
More informationLaboratory Exercise 7 MEASUREMENTS IN ASTRONOMY
Laboratory Exercise 7 MEASUREMENTS IN ASTRONOMY Introduction Part A: The angular resolution of telescopes For astronomical observations, reflecting telescopes have replaced the refracting type of instrument.
More informationHYDROGEN SPECTRUM = 2
MP6 OBJECT 3 HYDROGEN SPECTRUM MP6. The object o this experiment is to observe some o the lines in the emission spectrum o hydrogen, and to compare their experimentally determined wavelengths with those
More informationPractical 1P4 Energy Levels and Band Gaps
Practical 1P4 Energy Levels and Band Gaps What you should learn from this practical Science This practical illustrates some of the points from the lecture course on Elementary Quantum Mechanics and Bonding
More informationPractical 1P4 Energy Levels and Band Gaps
Practical 1P4 Energy Levels and Band Gaps What you should learn from this practical Science This practical illustrates some of the points from the lecture course on Elementary Quantum Mechanics and Bonding
More informationDISPERSION AND SPECTRA CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 20 DISPERSION AND SPECTRA 20.1 DISPERSION As mentioned earlier, the refractive index of a material depends slightly on the wavelength of light. The relation between the two may be approximately
More informationExperiment 8 Michelson Interferometer
Experiment 8 Michelson Interferometer Introduction This week s experiment utilizes the Michelson interferometer. You are to measure the wavelength of the green mercury light, the wavelength of the sodium
More informationDepartment of Physics, Colorado State University PH 425 Advanced Physics Laboratory The Zeeman Effect. 1 Introduction. 2 Origin of the Zeeman Effect
Department of Physics, Colorado State University PH 425 Advanced Physics Laboratory The Zeeman Effect (a) CAUTION: Do not look directly at the mercury light source. It is contained in a quartz tube. The
More informationTHE ZEEMAN EFFECT PHYSICS 359E
THE ZEEMAN EFFECT PHYSICS 359E INTRODUCTION The Zeeman effect is a demonstration of spatial quantization of angular momentum in atomic physics. Since an electron circling a nucleus is analogous to a current
More informationLecture 4: Diffraction & Spectroscopy
Lecture 4: Diffraction & Spectroscopy d θ y L Spectra of atoms reveal the quantum nature of matter Take a plastic grating from the bin as you enter class. Lecture 4, p 1 Today s Topics Single-Slit Diffraction*
More informationIntroduction. Procedure. In this experiment, you'll use the interferometer to EQUIPMENT NEEDED: Lens 18mm FL. Component holder.
12-7137A Precision Interferometer Experiment 1: Introduction to Interferometry EQUIPMENT NEEDED: Basic Interferometer (OS-9255A) Laser (OS-9171) Laser Alignment Bench (OS-9172) Interferometer Accessories
More informationChapter 8. Spectroscopy. 8.1 Purpose. 8.2 Introduction
Chapter 8 Spectroscopy 8.1 Purpose In the experiment atomic spectra will be investigated. The spectra of three know materials will be observed. The composition of an unknown material will be determined.
More informationName: Date: Room: No.
Station 1 Projecting Visible Spectra (setting direction) Objective: To study the range of colors in the visible spectrum. Procedure: 1. Make a partition with a narrow slot in its center to block all but
More informationAtomic Emission Spectra
Atomic Emission Spectra Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are as follows: To build and calibrate a simple meter-stick spectroscope that is capable of measuring wavelengths of visible light.
More informationPhysics 476LW Advanced Physics Laboratory Atomic Spectroscopy
Physics 476LW Atomic Spectroscopy 1 Introduction The description of atomic spectra and the Rutherford-Geiger-Marsden experiment were the most significant precursors of the so-called Bohr planetary model
More informationEngineering Physics 1 Prof. G.D. Vermaa Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee
Engineering Physics 1 Prof. G.D. Vermaa Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee Module-04 Lecture-02 Diffraction Part - 02 In the previous lecture I discussed single slit and double
More informationFOCUS 30/FOCUS 35 Field Calibration with Survey Pro Field Software
GeoInstruments Application Note June 25th, 2015 FOCUS 30/FOCUS 35 Field Calibration with Survey Pro Field Software Summary: This support note outlines the procedure which should be followed to calibrate
More information