Mycorrhizae in relation to crop rotation and tillage Terence McGonigle
|
|
- Janel Hunter
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Mycorrhizae in relation to crop rotation and tillage Terence McGonigle, Dept. of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9 E- mail: Abstract: Many crops form mycorrhizae, which are the combined growth of a fungus with the root to form an organ capable of enhanced plant uptake of phosphate from the soil. The fungi involved are a particular group of species not related to plant pathogens. These fungi form arbuscules in the roots. The arbuscules are tree-like structures formed by branching of fungal filaments inside root cells, which provides a high surface area of fungus-plant contact for the plant to deliver sucrose to the fungus in exchange for phosphate. The other half of the fungus is outside the root in the soil and gathers phosphate. Grasses, flax, and legumes form mycorrhizae, whereas canola does not. Where mycorrhizae are reduced, crops may have impaired phosphate nutrition unless adequate fertilizer is provided. Two common causes of reduced mycorrhizae are tillage and rotation with a previous crop not forming mycorrhizae. Fungal filaments left in soil after harvest are able to colonize the roots of the following crop the next spring. Tillage acts to break apart the network of fungal filaments in the soil, thereby slowing the growth of mycorrhizae in the crop to follow. Data are reviewed below to illustrate reductions in mycorrhizae and phosphate nutrition of corn in response to tillage. Rotation with a crop not forming mycorrhizae will reduce the density of fungal inoculum in soil, in turn leading to a reduction in the growth of mycorrhizae in the crop to follow. Recent data from Manitoba show that mycorrhizae and phosphate uptake are both impaired for flax following canola compared to flax after wheat, illustrating this effect. Phosphate fertilization interacts with these processes in two ways. First, the fertilizer will stimulate plant phosphate uptake. Second, addition of fertilizer to a crop will reduce the growth of mycorrhizae on that crop. Introduction Mycorrhizae are the combination of particular fungi with roots. Various crops form arbuscular mycorrhizae, in which arbuscules are formed by repeated tree-like branching of hyphal filaments inside root cells. These structures provide high surface area of contact for the plant to deliver sucrose to the fungus in exchange for phosphate. The rest of the fungus is outside the root in the soil, where it gathers phosphate to be moved through the hyphae into the roots. The fungi forming this association are a group of about 150 species and are classified within the Glomeromycota. There are no plant pathogens known within this group (Smith and Read, 2008). Arbuscular mycorrhizae are formed by grasses including wheat, barley, and corn. Flax and soybeans also form arbuscules, but canola is non-mycorrhizal. Where less mycorrhizae are formed, crops have reduced ability to capture phosphate, and greater demand is placed on provision by fertilizer (Grant et al., 2005). Both tillage and rotation with a previous crop not forming mycorrhizae are common causes of reduced mycorrhizal colonization. Hyphae in soil following harvest are able to colonize the roots of the following crop. Tillage breaks apart this network of fungal filaments and causes a delay in the colonization of roots the next year, because more time is needed for the inoculum around the roots to accumulate. Reductions in mycorrhizae and phosphate nutrition are well known for corn in response to tillage (McGonigle and Miller, 1993b), and the effect can be replicated in laboratory systems (McGonigle and Miller, 1993a). The timing of the reduction is colonization is important, because the crop demands adequate phosphate early in the season for yield potential to be reached (Grant et al., 2001).
2 A crop not forming mycorrhizae will reduce the quantity of fungal inoculum in soil by temporal loss without replacement, in turn leading to a reduction in the mycorrhizal colonization of the crop to follow. Canola will reduce development of arbuscular mycorrhiza in a subsequent crop of maize compared to continuous corn (Gavito and Miller, 1998a), leading to a reduction in early season growth, harvest index, and yield (Gavito and Miller, 1998b). An extract of recent data from Manitoba (McGonigle et al., not published) is given below to show that mycorrhizae and phosphate uptake are both impaired for flax following canola compared to flax after wheat. Flax is reported in Manitoba to be a crop highly dependent on mycorrhiza (Entz et al., 2004). Phosphate fertilization will stimulate plant phosphate uptake but reduce the growth of mycorrhizae on maize in the field (Guttay and Dandurand 1989).The phosphate-fertilizer-induced reduction of mycorrhizal colonization is also known for flax in both the field (Kahiluoto et al., 2001) and growth chamber (Kahiluoto et al., 2000). Materials and Methods The experimental area covered approximately acres and was planted to flax in Plots in 2007 comprised a number of variety trials for wheat, canola, and juncea. Border sections in 2007 between plots were planted to wheat. Identical fertilization was applied across the site in 2007 and Replication varied from 2 to 4 among varieties in The variety trials presented limited opportunities for statistically valid comparisons for wheat history and canola history for particular varieties of previous crop. Blocked replication was used to account for soil variability across the site. The study was configured as 16 blocked comparisons of wheat history and canola history across the site, with canola variety as a background variable, that is, with all 16 canola plots for a different variety. The 16 pairs corresponded to newly designated replicates in 2008, and they were scattered across the site at random. Among replicates, we took samples from 8 pairs with canola to the west of the wheat, and from 8 pairs with canola to the east of the wheat, as dictated by a coin toss in each replicate. The border row for wheat was used for the wheat plot adjacent to each canola plot in each replicate. Samples were taken from the 32 plots on 14 and 15 July, Each soil sample was cylindrical and 7.3 cm diameter by 15 cm deep. One soil sample was taken for each plot and was centered on flax. A shoot sample of 30 cm of flax row was removed using scissors for estimation of shoot dry mass and shoot nutrients. At the laboratory, roots were rinsed free of soil and preserved in 70% ethanol. After rinsing following storage, root length was determined using the method of Tennant (1975). A root subsample was then taken buy cutting roots in fragments 1-2 cm in length and dispersing them in excess water. Root subsamples were picked free of debris with forceps and fixed overnight in formyl acetic alcohol (FAA), which was composed 18:1:1 by volume of 95% ethanol, glacial acetic acid, and 37% w/v formaldehyde. For the following steps, roots were rinsed in deionized water during transfer among solutions. Roots were cleared for 10 minutes at 121 o C in 10%KOH and then bleached for 20 minutes in dilute alkaline peroxide, which was composed 8:1:1 by volume of deionized water, ammonium hydroxide, and 30% hydrogen peroxide. Following the method of Brundrett et al. (1984), roots were then stained for 90 minutes at 90 o C in 0.05% chlorazol black E made up in equal volumes of lactic acid, glycerin, and deionized water. The stain was first dissolved in the lactic acid during preparation. Roots were mounted on microscope slides in glycerin and scored for mycorrhizal colonization (McGonigle et al. 1990).
3 Dry mass was recorded at Brandon University after shoot drying to constant mass at 70 o C. Analysis of nutrients for shoots was undertaken by AGVISE Laboratories (P.O. Box 510, Northwood, ND 58267, USA). Results and Discussion Early season shoot growth was significantly (P=0.002) greater, and by a factor of 1.6, in flax following wheat compared to flax following canola, but root growth was similar for both treatments (Table 1). Similar growth responses were seen previously for flax after canola and wheat (Grant et al., 2009). Compared to flax after a previous crop of canola, development of arbuscular mycorrhiza was stimulated for flax roots following wheat in terms of both arbuscules (P=0.017) and hyphae (P<0.001) in the root cortex (Table 1). Concentrations were reduced in flax shoots following wheat, relative to those following canola, for all essential nutrients except P, Cu and Zn (Table 2). These reductions in concentrations form part of well-known lowering of shoot nutrient concentrations associated with plant growth and advancement of plant development during the early season (Westfall et al., 1990). For P, Cu, and Zn, sustainment of concentrations in the larger plants following wheat indicates enhanced nutrient inflow per unit root length that is associated with the more extensive mycorrhizal development following wheat compared to that for flax after canola. The stimulation by mycorrhizae of nutrition of Cu and Zn, in addition to P, has been noted previously for maize (McGonigle and Miller 1996) and is attributable to the immobility of these elements in soil. The quantity of mycorrhiza in the flax following canola, although less than that following wheat, was still substantial at the time samples were taken (Table 1). Thus, it is likely that differences in colonization earlier in the season would have been more pronounced than those found here between treatments at the sample date in mid-july. Conclusion Tillage and phosphorus fertilizer addition reduce development of mycorrhizae. Previous cropping of canola restricts mycorrhizal development of flax relative to that seen following wheat. Further, such reduction in the mycorrhizal symbiosis is to the detriment of the flax growth and early season nutrition for P, Cu, and Zn. Crop rotation should avoid placement of flax after canola, and where this does occur, additional use of P fertilizer should be considered. Literature review indicates that the rotation with canola will also reduce mycorrhizal colonization and growth of maize.
4 Table 1. Early season growth and mycorrhizal colonization of flax in Colonization values are percentages of root length colonized, respectively, by arbuscules, hyphae, and vesicles. Probabilities (P) are given for a significant difference between cropping history as determined by randomized block analysis of variance. Percentage data were given the arcsine transformation prior to statistical analysis. Data are means ± s.d.; n=16. Data of McGonigle, Hutton, Greenley, and Karamanos (not published). Property Flax after canola Flax after wheat P Shoot dry mass (t ha -1 ) 1.12 ± ± ** Root-length density (cm ml -1 ) 2.12 ± ± n.s. Arbuscular colonization (%) 36 ± ± * Hyphal colonization (%) 49 ± ± 11 <0.001 *** Vesicular colonization (%) 0.4 ± ± n.s. Table 2. Early season shoot nutrient concentrations of flax in Probabilities (P) are given for a significant difference between cropping history as determined by randomized block analysis of variance. Data are means ± s.d.; n=16. Data of McGonigle, Hutton, Greenley, and Karamanos (not published). Element Flax after canola Flax after wheat P N (%) 3.43 ± ± ** P (%) ± ± n.s. K (%) 1.92 ± ± 0.20 <0.001 *** Zn (mg kg -1 ) 11.8 ± ± n.s. Fe (mg kg -1 ) 311 ± ± ** Mn (mg kg -1 ) 193 ± ± ** Cu (mg kg -1 ) 5.19 ± ± n.s.
5 References Brundrett M.C., Piche Y., and Peterson R.L A new method for observing the morphology of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Canadian Journal of Botany 62, Entz M.H., Penner K.R., Vessey J.K., Zelmer C.D., and Thiessen Martens J.R Mycorrhizal colonization of flax under long-term organic and conventional management. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, Gavito M.E. and Miller M.H. 1998a. Changes in mycorrhiza development in maize induced by crop management practices. Plant and Soil 198, Gavito M.E. and Miller M.H. 1998b. Early phosphorus nutrition, mycorrhizae development, dry matter partitioning and yield of maize. Plant and Soil 199, Grant C.A., Bittman S., Monreal M., Plenchette C., and Morel C Soil and fertilizer phosphorus: effects on plant P supply and mycorrhizal development. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, Grant C.A., Flaten D.N., Tomasiewicz D.J., and Sheppard S.C The importance of early season phosphorus nutrition. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, Grant C.A., Monreal M., Irvine R.B., Mohr R.M., McLaren D.L., and Khakbazan M Crop response to current and previous season applications of phosphorus as affected by crop sequence and tillage. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, Guttay A.J.R. and Dandurand L.-M.C Interaction of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize with extractable soil phosphorus levels and nitrogenpotassium fertilizers. Biology and Fertility of Soils 8, McGonigle T.P., Hutton M, Greenley A., and Karamanos R. (not published). Mycorrhiza and growth are suppressed in flax following canola compared to a previous crop of wheat. A presentation at the Manitoba Soil Science Society meeting of February 5, Kahiluoto H., Ketoja E., and Vestberg M Promotion of utilization of arbuscular mycorrhiza through reduced P fertilization. 1. Bioassays in a growth chamber. Plant and Soil 227, Kahiluoto H., Ketoja E., Vestberg M., and Saarela I Promotion of AM utilization through reduced P fertilization. 2. Field studies. Plant and Soil 231, McGonigle T.P. and Miller M.H. 1993a. Mycorrhizal development and phosphorus absorption in maize under conventional and reduced tillage. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, McGonigle T.P. and Miller M.H. 1993b. Response of mycorrhizae and shoot phosphorus of maize to the frequency and timing of soil disturbance. Mycorrhiza 4, McGonigle T.P. and Miller M.H Development of fungi below ground in association with plants growing in disturbed and undisturbed soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28, McGonigle T.P., Miller M.H., Evans D.G., Fairchild G.L., and Swan J.A A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 115, Smith S.E. and Read D.J Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Third Edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam. Tennant D A test of a modified line intersect method of estimating root length. Journal of Ecology 63,
6 Westfall D.G., Whitney D.A., and Brandon D.M Plant analysis as an aid in fertilizing small grains. Soil Testing and Plant Analysis (edited by R.L. Westerman) pp rd Edition. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
Lab 6A: Microscopic Assessment of Mycorrhiza - Part 1
Lab 6A: Microscopic Assessment of Mycorrhiza - Part 1 What can I expect to learn in lab today? You will gain experience in assessing the degree of mycorrhizal infection of Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron
More informationMYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION AS IMPACTED BY CORN HYBRID
Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 81 (2002) 27 MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION AS IMPACTED BY CORN HYBRID Marie-Laure A. Sauer, Diane H. Rickerl and Patricia K. Wieland South Dakota State
More informationImpact of cropping system on mycorrhiza
Impact of cropping system on mycorrhiza H. Kahiluoto 1 and M. Vestberg 2 Agricultural Research Centre of Finland 1 Ecological Production, Partala, FIN-51900 Juva, Finland 2 Laukaa Research and Elite Plant
More informationEFFECTS OF NUTRIENT LEVELS ON THE COLONIZATION OF POA SECUNDA BY ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND DARK SEPTATE ENDOPHYTES
EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT LEVELS ON THE COLONIZATION OF POA SECUNDA BY ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND DARK SEPTATE ENDOPHYTES Preya Sanjay Sheth Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate
More informationMycorrhizal dependence and growth habit of warm-season and cool-season tallgrass prairie plants
Mycorrhizal dependence and growth habit of warm-season and cool-season tallgrass prairie plants B. A. Daniels Hetrick, D. Gerschefske Kitt, G. Thompson Wilson Canadian Journal of Botany, 1988, 66(7): 1376-1380,
More informationElucidating the Mystery of the Tripartite Symbiosis Plant Mycorrhizal fungi Dark Septate Endophytes
Elucidating the Mystery of the Tripartite Symbiosis Plant Mycorrhizal fungi Dark Septate Endophytes Navarro-Borrell, Adriana 1,2, Hamel, C. 1,2, Germida, J 1 Gan, Y 2. 1 Dept. of Soil Science, University
More informationQUANTIFYING VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE: A PROPOSED METHOD TOWARDS STANDARDIZATION*
W. (1981)87, 6-67 6 QUANTIFYING VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE: A PROPOSED METHOD TOWARDS STANDARDIZATION* BY BRENDA BIERMANN Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
More informationCrop management effect on arbuscular mycorrhizae and root growth of flax
Crop management effect on arbuscular mycorrhizae and root growth of flax M. A. Monreal, C. A. Grant, R. B. Irvine, R. M. Mohr, D. L. McLaren, and M. Khakbazan Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon
More informationGnzman-Plazola. R.A.. R. Ferrera-Cerrato and JJX Etchevers. Centro de Edafologia, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Mexico.
Gnzman-Plazola. R.A.. R. Ferrera-Cerrato and JJX Etchevers. Centro de Edafologia, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Mexico. LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, A PLANT OF HIGH MYCORRHIZAL DEPENDENCE IN ACID SOILS
More informationEffect of host plant, cultivation media and inoculants sources on propagation of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mossae
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. V, Issue 12/ March 2018 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) Effect of host plant, cultivation and inoculants sources on propagation
More informationABSTRACT I. INTRODUCTION
2017 IJSRST Volume 3 Issue 7 Print ISSN: 2395-6011 Online ISSN: 2395-602X Themed Section: Science and Technology Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Chemical Properties of Experimental Barren Soil
More informationNature and Science, 2009;7(6), ISSN ,
Effect of phosphorus nutrition on growth and mycorrhizal dependency of Coriaria nepalensis seedlings Kiran Bargali and S.S. Bargali* Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002,
More informationThe role of mycorrhizal fungi in growth enhancement of dune plants following burial in sand
Functional Ecology 1999 ORIGINAL ARTICLE OA 000 EN The role of mycorrhizal fungi in growth enhancement of dune plants following burial in sand J. V. PERUMAL* and M. A. MAUN Department of Plant Sciences,
More informationAs negative mycorrhizal growth responses (MGR) have received more experimental attention
Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2011. 62:227-250 Supplementary A Negative mycorrhizal responses As negative mycorrhizal growth responses (MGR) have received more experimental attention it
More informationChapter 37: Plant Nutrition - A Nutritional Network
Chapter 37: Plant Nutrition - A Nutritional Network Every organism continually exchanges energy and materials with its environment For a typical plant, water and minerals come from the soil, while carbon
More informationWorking with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture
Working with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture SUB Gdttingen 206 384661 Mark Brundrett, Neale Bougher, Bernie Dell, Tim Grove and Nick Malajczuk CONTENTS Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. MYCORRHIZAL
More informationINTERACTION BETWEEN A VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA AND RHIZOBIUM AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SOYBEAN IN THE FIELD
New Phytol. (1979) 82. 141-145 I j_i INTERACTION BETWEEN A VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA AND RHIZOBIUM AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SOYBEAN IN THE FIELD BY D. J- BAGYARAJ, A. MANJUNATH AND R.B. PATIL Department
More informationArbuscular mycorrhizae and the phosphorus nutrition of maize: A review of Guelph studies
Arbuscular mycorrhizae and the phosphorus nutrition of maize: A review of Guelph studies Murray H. Miller Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. Received
More informationAGR1006. Assessment of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculants for Pulse Crop Production Systems
AGR1006 Assessment of AMF Inoculants for pulse crop production systems 1 AGR1006 Assessment of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculants for Pulse Crop Production Systems INVESTIGATORS Principal Investigator:
More informationEffect of phosphorus nutrition on morphological characteristics of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of maize
New Phytol. (99), 9. 07- Effect of phosphorus nutrition on morphological characteristics of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of maize By P. G. BRAUNBERGER\ M. H. MILLERS AND R. L. PETERSON^
More informationDiscovery and Percent Colonization of Vesicular- Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Pueraria lobata
Southern Adventist Univeristy KnowledgeExchange@Southern Senior Research Projects Southern Scholars 1996 Discovery and Percent Colonization of Vesicular- Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Pueraria lobata Christine
More informationFeedback between nutrient availability, NPP and N release
Feedback between nutrient availability, NPP and N release 1 Redfield ratios A typical plant = 45% C, 1.5% N, 0.2%P or C:N = 30 : 1 and C:P = 225 : 1 or C:N:P = 225 : 7.5 : 1 N:P = 7.5 : 1 Mobility of nutrients
More informationMycorrhiza Fungus + Plant Host (Root)
Mycorrhiza Fungus + Plant Host (Root) Root Anatomy Mycorrhizal fungi Cryptomycota http://www.mykoweb.com/articles/index.html#apm1_4 Summary Mycorrhizal symbioses are mutualistic Fungal benefits carbohydrates
More informationCharacterization of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with Allium porrum: colonization, plant growth and phosphate uptake
New Phytol. (1999, 144, 163 172 Characterization of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with Allium porrum: colonization, plant growth and phosphate uptake S. DICKSON,*, S. E. SMITH, AND F. A.
More informationAbsorption of Mineral Salts by Higher Plant
Article Shared by Absorption of Mineral Salts by Higher Plant Let us make an in-depth study of the Mycorrhizae. After reading this article you will learn about their role in absorption of mineral salts
More informationEffect Of Inoculation Of Vam Fungi On Enhancement Of Biomass And Yield In Okra. Maruti S. Darade
Effect Of Inoculation Of Vam Fungi On Enhancement Of Biomass And Yield In Okra Maruti S. Darade Department of Botany, Govt. Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati 444604 (M.S.), India e-mail
More informationMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AS BIOFERTILIZER FOR FRUIT TREE PRODUCTION IN THAILAND. Supaporn Thamsurakul 1 and Sompetch Charoensook 2
MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AS BIOFERTILIZER FOR FRUIT TREE PRODUCTION IN THAILAND Supaporn Thamsurakul 1 and Sompetch Charoensook 2 1 Soil Microbiology Research Group, Soil Science Division, Department of Agriculture,
More informationWantira Ranabuht Department of Botany, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University
EFFECTS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF LETTUCE Wantira Ranabuht Department of Botany, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Lettuce Lettuce : Lactuca sativa L. Family
More informationVesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations of sesamum
Proc. lndian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.), Vol. 98, No. 1, February 1988, pp. 55-59. 9 Printed in India. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations of sesamum M VIJAYALAKSHMI and A S RAO Department of Botany,
More informationEffect of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus levels on growth and water use efficiency in Sunflower at different soil moisture status
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus levels on growth and water use efficiency in Sunflower at different soil moisture status T.K. Nagarathna 1, T.G. Prasad 1, D.J. Bagyaraj *2 and Y.G. Shadakshari
More informationGrowth responses of Acacia angustissima to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal. inoculation. Abstract
Growth responses of Acacia angustissima to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation ID # 04-32 N. Lucena Costa 1, V.T. Paulino 2 and T.S. Paulino 3 1 EMBRAPA - Amapá,, C.P. 10, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-208,
More information1 Soil Factors Affecting Nutrient Bioavailability... 1 N.B. Comerford
Contents 1 Soil Factors Affecting Nutrient Bioavailability........ 1 N.B. Comerford 1.1 Introduction........................... 1 1.2 Release of Nutrients from the Soil Solid Phase........ 2 1.3 Nutrient
More informationPlant roots and practical value of plant root symbionts
Plant roots and practical value of plant root symbionts Conference at Aleksandro Stulginskio University, Akademija 2 May 2016 Plant Roots: Biology, Morphology, and Functions Priv. Doz. Dr. habil Ewald
More informationProc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plaat Sci.), Vol. 95, No. 1, August 1985, pp Printed in India. K PARVATHI, K VENKATESWARLU and A S RAO
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plaat Sci.), Vol. 95, No. 1, August 1985, pp. 35--40. 9 Printed in India. Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) to combined inoculation with Glomus mosseae and Rhizobium sp
More informationINOCULATED BROAD BEANS (VICIA FABA) AS A PRECROP FOR SPRING ONIONS (ALLIUM CEPA)
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES (CROP SCIENCES, ANIAL SCIENCES) DOI:1.22616/rrd.23.217.46 INOCULATED BROAD BEANS (VICIA FABA) AS A PRECROP FOR SPRING ONIONS (ALLIU CEPA) Latvia University of Agriculture Laila.Dubova@llu.lv
More informationI International Journal of Innovations in Agricultural Sciences (IJIAS) Journal of In
Available online at www.jpsscientificpublications.com Volume 1; Issue - 1; Year 2017; Page: 15 20 ISSN: 2456-7353 DOI: 10.22192/ijias.2017.1.1.4 I International Journal of Innovations in Agricultural Sciences
More informationWhy Should You Consider Using Mycorrhizae? Northeast Greenhouse Conference 2018 Mycorrhizal Applications LLC 1
Why Should You Consider Using Mycorrhizae? Mycorrhizal Applications LLC 1 A mutually beneficial relationship, which is characterized by movement of carbon flows to the fungus and inorganic nutrients move
More informationMycorrhizas And Tropical Soil Fertility [An Article From: Agriculture, Ecosystems And Environment] [HTML] [Digital] By I.M. Cardoso;T.W.
Mycorrhizas And Tropical Soil Fertility [An Article From: Agriculture, Ecosystems And Environment] [HTML] [Digital] By I.M. Cardoso;T.W. Kuyper READ ONLINE If searched for a book Mycorrhizas and tropical
More informationSummary Rostaniha, Vol. 2, 2001 THE SYMBIOSIS EFFECT OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA ON GROWTH OF POA BULBOSA (BULBOS BLUE GRASS) L. SAFAII, H. KIANMEHR and M. HAJIAN SHAHRI Department of Biology, Ferdowsi
More informationEFFECT OF INOCULATION WITH VAM-FUNGI AND BRADYRHIZOBIUM ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN IN SINDH
Pak. J. Bot., 37(1): 169-173, 2005. EFFECT OF INOCULATION WITH VAM-FUNGI AND BRADYRHIZOBIUM ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN IN SINDH Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
More informationEctomycorrhizae. Endomycorrhizae. Arbuscular mycorrhizae. Ericoid mycorrhizae. Orchid mycorrhizae. Ectendomycorrhizae
Arbuscular mycorrhizae Endomycorrhizae Ericoid mycorrhizae Orchid mycorrhizae http://www.microbiologyprocedure.com/mycorrhizae/ectomycorrhizae.html Ectendomycorrhizae (ECM) Ecto- means outside and in the
More informationBi-directional transfer of phosphorus between red clover and perennial ryegrass via arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal links
Bi-directional transfer of phosphorus between red clover and perennial ryegrass via arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal links Yao, Q., Li, X. L., Ai, W. D., & Christie, P. (2003). Bi-directional transfer of
More informationSoil Biology. Chapter 10
Soil Biology Chapter 10 The Sounds of Soil Soil as a Transition Between Aquatic and Aerial System Bacteria in a Drying Environment Wet (open structure) Dry (dense) Holden P.A., J.R. Hunt, and M. K. Firestone,
More informationEFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN STRAWBERRY, PEACH, APPLE AND NECTARINE
EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN STRAWBERRY, PEACH, APPLE AND NECTARINE Lidia Sas Paszt, Mateusz Frąc, Edyta Derkowska, Sławomir Głuszek, Paweł Trzciński Research Institute of Horticulture
More informationfor GREENHOUSES GREENHOUSE Why are Mycorrhizae Important? Benefit to Plants
GREENHOUSE for GREENHOUSES Why are Mycorrhizae Important? Mycorrhizal fungi are essential to living soils, and allowed plants to colonize the surface of our planet around 450 million years ago. More than
More informationA heavy metal is a member of a loosely defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties. Many different definitions have been proposed
Pascasarjana UNSRI - 2013 A heavy metal is a member of a loosely defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties. Many different definitions have been proposed some based on density, some on
More informationAMMONIUM UPTAKE FROM DILUTE SOLUTIONS BY PINUS RADIATA SEEDLINGS
10 Vol. 9 AMMONIUM UPTAKE FROM DILUTE SOLUTIONS BY PINUS RADIATA SEEDLINGS JAMES W. FLEWELLING School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A. (First received for publication
More informationOCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN WHEAT AND MAIZE CROPS OF MALAKAND DIVISION OF NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE
Pak. J. Bot., 42(2): 1301-1312, 2010. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN WHEAT AND MAIZE CROPS OF MALAKAND DIVISION OF NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE NASRULLAH 1, M. SHARIF 1*,
More informationTreat the Cause not the symptom
Treat the Cause not the symptom A few facts about Novozymes Biologicals Bu sin ess d ivisio n o f No vo zym es w it h it s o w n R& D, Manufacturing, Sales & Marketing, Administration Headquartered in
More informationIn vitro Cultivation of Vesicular- Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and its Biological Efficacy
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.110
More informationEffects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on a fallow enriching tree (Macaranga denticulata)
Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on a fallow enriching tree (Macaranga denticulata) Somchit Youpensuk 1*, Benjavan Rerkasem 2, Bernie Dell 3 and Saisamorn Lumyong 1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty
More informationCOMPONENTS OF VA MYCORRHIZAL INOCULUM AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GROWTH OF ONION
New Phytol. (1981) 87, 3 5 5.161 355 OMPONENTS OF VA MYORRHIZAL INOULUM AND THEIR EFFETS ON GROWTH OF ONION BY A. MANJUNATH AND D. J. BAGYARAJ Depart?nent of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural
More informationF.A. SMITH S.E. SMITH
BIOTROPIA No. 8, 1995: 1-10 NUTRIENT TRANSFER IN VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS: A NEW MODEL BASED ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ATPases ON FUNGAL AND PLANT MEMBRANES*) F.A. SMITH Department of Botany, The
More informationRoot-Knot Nematode on Tomato Plants: Effects of Nemacur, Phosphorus and. Infection Time
Ayman Elbuhuth Scientific Journal., Vol 5, pp. 88-107, 1996 Interaction of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi and Root-Knot Nematode on Tomato Plants: Effects of Nemacur, Phosphorus and Infection Time M. O. MIRGHANI
More informationN, P and O 3 -responses of subalpine plants and their
Federal Department of Economic Affairs FDEA Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART N, P and O 3 -responses of subalpine plants and their mycorrhiza Verena Blanke, Matthias Volk, Seraina Bassin,
More informationComparison of two main mycorrhizal types
Comparison of two main mycorrhizal types VAM (Endos) Ectos Plant hosts Most vascular plants, including herbs, shrubs, trees. examples of tree you know: Maples, Ash, giant Sequoia, Sequoia, Incense Cedar
More informationInfluence of Ectomycorrhiza on Nutrient Absorption of Pinus massoniana Seedlings Under Water Stress
2013 26 2 227 233 Forest Research 1001-1498 2013 02-0227-07 * 550025 N P K N P 1 N P 56. 65% 44. 32% 1 K 221. 99% 200. 00% N K P N K 1 N P K S791. 248 A Influence of Ectomycorrhiza on Nutrient Absorption
More informationEFFECTS OF DROUGHT STRESS ON GROWTH RESPONSE IN CORN, SUDAN GRASS, AND BIG BLUESTEM TO GLOMUS ETUNICA TUM*
New Phytol. (\9S7), 15, A2^\ 4O3 EFFECTS OF DROUGHT STRESS ON GROWTH RESPONSE IN CORN, SUDAN GRASS, AND BIG BLUESTEM TO GLOMUS ETUNICA TUM* BY B. A. DANIELS HETRICK, D. GERSCHEFSKE KITT AND G. THOMPSON
More informationSTUDY ON THE USE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA FUNGI FOR IMPROVING CROP PRODUCTIVITY IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN GUNUNG WALAT EDUCATIONAL FOREST
9 STUDY ON THE USE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA FUNGI FOR IMPROVING CROP PRODUCTIVITY IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN GUNUNG WALAT EDUCATIONAL FOREST By Sri Wilarso Budi R 1 Laboratory Silviculture, Department Silviculture,
More informationHow Mycorrhizae Can Improve Plant Quality
How Mycorrhizae Can Improve Plant Quality 33 How Mycorrhizae Can Improve Plant Quality Michael P. Amaranthus, Larry Simpson, and Thomas D. Landis Mycorrhizal Applications Inc., 810 NW E Street, Grants
More informationRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOST AND ENDOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN MYCORRHIZAL SOYBEANS
Phytol. (1982) 90, 537-543 537 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOST AND ENDOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN MYCORRHIZAL SOYBEANS BY G. J. BETHLENFALVAY, M. S. BROWN, AND R. S. PACOVSKY Western Regional Research Center, U.S.
More informationEffects of Mycorrhizal Fungi with Phosphate Fertilizer Applications on Phosphate Solubilizing and Soil Properties of Grapes Orchard
Modern Applied Science; Vol. 9, No. 1; 2015 ISSN 1913-1844 E-ISSN 1913-1852 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungi with Phosphate Fertilizer Applications on
More informationPOTASSIUM EFFECTS ON RHIZOSPHERE PROCESSES AND RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
POTASSIUM EFFECTS ON RHIZOSPHERE PROCESSES AND RESISTANCE TO DISEASES V. Römheld, Institute of Plant Nutrition, University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Overview Role of K in disease resistance Effects
More informationMineral and Organic Components. Soil Organisms, Biology, and Nutrients. Homework III: The State Soil of Florida. Posted on website.
Homework III: The State Soil of Florida Posted on website 5 bonus points Type all answers Soil Organisms, Biology, and Nutrients Mineral and Organic Components Functions of soils: recycler of raw materials
More informationThe Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Regenerating Healthy Soils and Agricultural Productivity: Walter Jehne and Phil Lee
10 July 2014 The Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Regenerating Healthy Soils and Agricultural Productivity: Walter Jehne and Phil Lee Key Points A type of fungi known as mycorrhizal fungi forms an integral
More informationEffect of inoculation with VAM fungi at different P levels on flowering parameters of Tagetes erecta L.
Effect of inoculation with VAM fungi at different P levels on flowering parameters of Tagetes erecta L. G. Swathi 1, B. Hemla Naik 2 1 Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of
More informationPhenanthrene and pyrene uptake by arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ( ) Buy online at
Mycorrhizal Fungi:: Soil, Agriculture And Environmental Implications (Air, Water And Soil Pollution Science And Technology; Agriculture Issues And Policies) READ ONLINE Phenanthrene and pyrene uptake by
More informationSoil fungal-arthropod responses to Populus tremuloides grown under enriched atmospheric CO 2 under field conditions
Global Change Biology (1997) 3, 473 478 Soil fungal-arthropod responses to Populus tremuloides grown under enriched atmospheric CO 2 under field conditions JOHN N. KLIRONOMOS,* MATTHIAS C. RILLIG, MICHAEL
More informationVesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and the soil-disturbance-induced reduction of nutrient absorption in maize
Nezv Phytol. (1988), 110, 75-84 Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and the soil-disturbance-induced reduction of nutrient absorption in maize II. evelopment of the eftect BY G. L. FAIRCHIL AN M. H. MILLER
More informationFEATURES OF MYCORRIZAS TYPE SYMBIOSIS AT DIFFERENT PLANTS FAMILIES
FEATURES OF MYCORRIZAS TYPE SYMBIOSIS AT DIFFERENT PLANTS FAMILIES Silvia PRUNAR, Auruţa DÎRLEA, Renata ŞUMĂLAN, L. GHINEA, Mihaela FERICEAN Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,
More informationInfluence of Aphelenchus avenae on Vesicular-arbuscular Endomycorrhizal Growth Response in Cotton
Influence of Aphelenchus avenae on Vesicular-arbuscular Endomycorrhizal Growth Response in Cotton R. S. Hussey and R. W. Roncadori ~ Abstract: The influence of,4phelenchus avenae on the relationship between
More informationInt. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2016). 3(10):
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences ISSN: 2348-8069 www.ijarbs.com DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs Coden: IJARQG(USA) Volume 3, Issue 10-2016 Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.10.026
More informationEFFECT OF MYCORRHIZA ON THE NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF SUGARCANE
EFFECT OF MYCORRHIZA ON THE NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF UGARCANE F JAMAL 1,2, P CADET 1, R RUTHERFORD 1 and C J TRAKER 2 1 outh African ugar Association Experiment tation, P/Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, outh
More informationThe specificity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in perennial ryegrass white clover pasture
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 77 (2000) 211 218 The specificity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in perennial ryegrass white clover pasture Y.-G. Zhu a,, A.S. Laidlaw b,c, P. Christie a,c, M.E.R.
More informationspatial dispersion, interspecific competition and mycorrhizal colonization
Research Plant nitrogen capture from organic matter as affected by Blackwell Publishing, Ltd spatial dispersion, interspecific competition and mycorrhizal colonization Angela Hodge Department of Biology,
More informationMycorrhiza: State of the Art, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Eco-Function, Biotechnology, Eco-Physiology, Structure and Systematics
Mycorrhiza: State of the Art, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Eco-Function, Biotechnology, Eco-Physiology, Structure and Systematics Author(s) Varma, Ajit Imprint Berlin : Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, 2008
More informationEFFECT OF GLOMUS MOSSEAE ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CAJANUS CAJAN (VAR. ICPL-87)
Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2016 = 6.17, www.srjis.com UGC Approved Sr. No.45269, SEPT-OCT 2017, VOL- 4/36 EFFECT OF GLOMUS MOSSEAE ON GROWTH AND
More informationSaline and Sodic Soils: Characteristics and Properties
Saline and Sodic Soils: Characteristics and Properties DOUGLAS D. MALO, PRESENTING TODAY DAVID E. CLAY, CHERYL L. REESE, SHARON A. CLAY RACHEL OWEN, TULSI KHAREL, GIRMA BIRRU, JOHN GREEN,* TOM M. DESUTTER
More informationStable Isotopes. Natural Occurrence of Stable Isotopes. Plants vary in their amount of a parfcular isotope depending on circumstances
Natural Occurrence of Stable Isotopes Stable Isotopes Stable Isotopes as a probe for Carbon, Mineral and Water Cycles Several elements are found in more than one form E.g., Hydrogen can be found in its
More informationEFFECT OF VESIGULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS ON GROWTH OF GRISELLNIA LITTORALIS (CORNAGEAEj BY G, T, S, BAYLIS
EFFECT OF VESIGULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS ON GROWTH OF GRISELLNIA LITTORALIS (CORNAGEAEj BY G, T, S, BAYLIS Botanv Dept., University of Otago, Neiv Zealand {Received 25 July 1958) (With I figure in the
More informationHow we study diversity: phylogenetic tree. Fungi vs. Animals. Fungi vs. Plants 3/8/18
Ya Yang yangya@umn.edu How we study diversity: phylogenetic tree Office Hours: Monday 10-12 AM 714 Biological Sciences Center Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are more closely related to animals than
More information21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada. 3 Central Experimental Farm, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6, Canada
Plant and Soil 221: 157 166, 2000. 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 157 Mycorrhizae formation and nutrient uptake of new corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids with extreme canopy and leaf
More informationSoil and Plant Nutrition
Chapter 37 Soil and Plant Nutrition PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan
More informationPlant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria and Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Growth and Physiology at Suboptimal Root Zone Temperatures
Annals of Botany 79: 3 9, 1997 Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria and Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Growth and Physiology at Suboptimal Root Zone Temperatures FENG ZHANG*, NARJES DASHTI*, R. K. HYNES
More informationZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management 7 Nutrient acquisition through microbial association
International Program in Agricultural Development Studies (IPADS) 21 January 2016 ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management 7 Nutrient acquisition through microbial association Department of Global Agricultural
More informationInoculation and Colonization of Four Saltmarsh Species with Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Mississippi)
Inoculation and Colonization of Four Saltmarsh Species with Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Mississippi) Melissa Pratt-Zossoungbo (NOAA National Ocean Service, Policy, Planning and Analysis Division,
More informationDevelopment of the VAM fungus, Glomus mosseae in groundnut in static solution culture
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.), Vol. 93, No. 2, May 1984, pp. 105-110 9 Printed in India. Development of the VAM fungus, Glomus mosseae in groundnut in static solution culture K PARVATHI, K VENKATESWARLU
More informationEffect of Glomus sp and Gigaspora sp. on Vigna radiata (L.) Under Water Stress Condition
American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 3 (7): 935-942, 203 ISSN 88-6769 IDOSI Publications, 203 DOI: 0.5829/idosi.aejaes.203.3.07.995 Effect of Glomus sp and Gigaspora sp. on Vigna radiata (L.) Under
More informationCopyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. FUNGI
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. FUNGI FUNGI Fungi are absorptive heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb the nutrients Most fungi consist of a mass of threadlike hyphae
More informationThe susceptibility of roots to infection by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in relation to age and phosphorus supply
Neto Phytol. (1993), 125, 581-586 The susceptibility of roots to infection by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in relation to age and phosphorus supply BY F. AMIJEE^*, D. P. STRIBLEY^ AND P. W. LANE'^
More informationSoil and fertilizer phosphorus: Effects on plant P supply and mycorrhizal development
Soil and fertilizer phosphorus: Effects on plant P supply and mycorrhizal development Cynthia Grant 1, Shabtai Bittman 2, Marcia Montreal 1, Christian Plenchette 3, and Christian Morel 4 Can. J. Plant
More informationNumerical Data. Effect of copper on nutrients content (mg g 1 dry wt.) of radish (45th day) N P K Na Ca Mg
Numerical Data Effect of copper on nutrients (mg g 1 dry wt.) of radish (45th day) Copper added in the soil N P K Na Ca Mg (mg kg 1 ) Control 32.66 6.31 43.52 1.70 13.56 3.99 50 37.35(+14.36) 6.97(+10.45)
More informationSoil and weed management for enhancing arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of wheat
SoilUse and Management Soil Use and Management doi: 10.1111/sum.12069 Soil and weed management for enhancing arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of wheat I. BRITO 1,M.CARVALHO 1 &M.J.GOSS 2 1 Universidade
More informationInfluence of Mycorrhizal Source and Seeding Methods on Native Grass Species Grown in Soils from a Disturbed Site
Influence of Mycorrhizal Source and Seeding Methods on Native Grass Species Grown in Soils from a Disturbed Site Todd R. Caplan Heather A. Pratt Samuel R. Loftin Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi are crucial
More informationFundamentals of Small- Scale Mushroom Production
Fundamentals of Small- Scale Mushroom Production presented by Dr. Barry Pryor Professor, School of Plant Sciences & Thom Plasse Instructional Specialist, Pima County Cooperative Extension, Tucson Village
More informationEndophytic hyphal compartmentalization is required for successful mycobiont-wheat interaction as revealed by confocal laser microscopy
Endophytic hyphal compartmentalization is required for successful mycobiont-wheat interaction as revealed by confocal laser microscopy Vladimir Vujanovic 1, Lobna Abdellatif 1, and Susan Kaminskyj 2 1
More informationINTERACTION BETWEEN A VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS AND STREPTOMYCES CINNAMOMEOUS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FINGER MILLET
New Phytol. (1982) 92, 41-45 INTERACTION BETWEEN A VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS AND STREPTOMYCES CINNAMOMEOUS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FINGER MILLET BY K. R. KRISHNA*, A. N. BALAKRISHNA AND D. J.
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF SOIL AERATION ON THE EFFICIENCY OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE
Neu> Phytol. (1981) 88, 649-659 649 THE INFLUENE OF SOIL AERATION ON THE EFFIIENY OF VESIULAR-ARBUSULAR MYORRHIZAE I. EFFET OF SOIL OXYGEN ON THE GROWTH AND MINERAL UPTAKE OF EUPA TORIUM ODOR A TUM L.
More informationSecondary Succession and its Effects on Soil Nutrients and Fungal Communities. Amanda Cayo
Cayo 1 Secondary Succession and its Effects on Soil Nutrients and Fungal Communities Amanda Cayo Abstract Fungi serve many purposes in ecosystems from fixing nitrogen for plants to decomposing detritus.
More informationList of Equipment, Tools, Supplies, and Facilities:
Unit D: ph of Soil Lesson 2: Identifying ph Connection With Plant Growth Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in the students achieving the following objectives: 1. Explain
More information