Plutonium in Southern Hemisphere Oceans
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1 2010 Monaco Plutonium in Southern Hemisphere Oceans K. Hirose*, M.Aoyama, J. Gastaud, M. Fukasawa, C.-S. Kim., I. Levy, P.P.Povinec, P. Roos, J.A. Sanchez- Cabeza, S.A. Yim *Sophia University
2 Objective Review on levels and distribution of plutonium in Southern Hemisphere Ocean waters SHOTS results Roles of plutonium as an oceanic tracer (biogeochemical processes, deep water advection)
3 Background Sources of plutonium in Southern Hemisphere Oceans. Global fallout Close-in fallout from the French nuclear explosions (South Pacific). (less contribution of close-in fallout such as Bikini explosions and radioactive discharge) Radioactivity measurements in the Southern Hemisphere Oceans Very small number of data, especially in deep waters
4 Plutonium in Southern Hemisphere Oceans Sampling stations before SHOTS (HAM database) Aoyama and Hirose,SWJ, 2004
5 Sampling and method Sampling stations 48 stations (South Pacific Ocean), 20 stations (Indian Ocean), 15 stations (Atlantic Ocean) Vertical distribution(5 stations in the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre) Sample volume 5-60 liters of filtered seawater. Analytical method Fe-coprecipitation Radiochemical separation alpha-spectrometry (South Pacific surface water) ICP-MS (South Pacific vertical samples, Indian and Atlantic surface water) Only 239 Pu concentration can be determined for ICP-MS because of smaller sample volumes and low plutonium concentration.
6 Sampling stations including SHOTS stations
7 Results: Plutonium in the Southern Hemisphere Oceans SHOTS data: plutonium in surface waters Temporal change of surface plutonium Vertical profiles of plutonium in the South Pacific (SHOTS) Plutonium/ 137 Cs ratios as a proxy of geochemical processes (SHOTS(South Pacific), GEOSECS(South Atlantic)) Deep plutonium
8 Comparison between alpha spectrometry and ICP-MS (assuming that 240 Pu/ 239 Pu atom ratio is equal to global fallout (0.18)) 239 Pu activity concnetration in surface water (mbq m -3 ) Alpha spectrometry ICP-MS Longitude
9 239 Pu concentration in surface waters of Southern Hemisphere oceans 239 Pu activity concentration in surface waters (mbq m -3 ) 4 South Atlantic Ocean 3.5 Indian Ocean South Pacific Ocean Longitude Hirose et al., STOTEN, 2007 Gautaud et al., Prog. Oceanogr. 2011
10 Temporal change of surface 239,240 Pu in Southern Hemisphere oceans Sea area Half-residence time (year) Western South Pacific South Pacific Subtropical Gyre Eastern South Pacific Eastern Indian Ocean Western South Atlantic ,240 Pu concentration in surface water (mbq m -3 ) Year Eastern Indian Ocean 239,240 Pu concentration in surface water (mbq m -3 ) Year Western South Atlantic
11 Vertical sampling sites of BEAGLE2003 Vertical sampling sites of Pu
12 Cross section of 239 Pu in the South Pacific subtropical gyre Hirose et al., Prog. Oceanogr. 2011
13 239 Pu/ 137 Cs ratio is an indicator of Biogeochemical processes Pu/ 137 Cs ratios exponentially increased from surface to 1500 m depth. 2. The ratios were almost constant in deep water. However, lower ratios occurred in the depth range of 4000 m to 5000 m. Hirose et al., JER, 2008 Hirose et al., Prog.Oceanogr., 2011
14 Vertical profiles of 239,240 Pu in South Atlantic Ocean (GEOSECS; 1972) 239,240 Pu/Cs activity ratio Pu/ 137 Cs ratios exponentially increased from surface to 1200 m depth for South Atlantic. Depth S 42.52W
15 Vertical changes of 239 Pu/ 137 Cs in shallow layer (South Pacific) The 239 Pu/ 137 Cs ratios in surface layers Low values ( x 10-3 ) comparing with that in global fallout (0.009) The 239 Pu/ 137 Cs ratios exponentially increased from surface to 1500 m depth. R Pu/Cs (z) = R Pu/Cs,o exp (λz) HRD = 0.693/λ Stn. R Pu/Cs,o λ value HRD(m) correlation factor x HRD: half-regeneration depth
16 Vertical changes of 239,240 Pu/ 137 Cs in shallow layer (South Atlantic) The 239,240 Pu/ 137 Cs ratios in surface layers Low values ( x 10-3 ) comparing with that in global fallout (0.008)(GEOSECS, 1972) The 239,240 Pu/ 137 Cs ratios exponentially increased from surface to about 1000 m depth. R Pu/Cs (z) = R Pu/Cs,o exp (λz) HRD = 0.693/λ Latitude R Pu/Cs,o λ value HRD(m) correlation factor x S S S S
17 Plutonium maximum layer (m) Relationship between plutonium maximum layer depth and half-regeneration depth GEOSECS South Atlantic Half regeneration depth
18 Chemical tracers in deep waters of the Pacific Ocean Latitudinal distributions of CFC-11 (P-15) and C-14(P-14) (WOCE Atlas) North Pacific Deep Water ( m depth)
19 Plutonium in deep water Weak biological activities less important biogeochemical processes The 239 Pu/ 137 Cs ratios in deep water showed no increase with increasing depth. The relatively low values occurred the depth range from 4000 to 5000 m depth ( 0.009: global fallout) Plutonium in the South Pacific deep water is supplied by advection rather than biogeochemical processes.
20 239,240 Pu concentration in the North Pacific Deep Water ( m) (sampling period: ) ,240 Pu concentration in NPDW (mbq m -3 ) Latitide Closed circle: Central Pacific Open circle: Eastern Pacific, Kinoshita et al., Sci. Total Environ., 2011
21 Possible pathway of the North Pacific Deep Water ( m) Bikini-derived Pu with higher 240 Pu/ 239 Pu atom ratios is tracing decadal flow of the North Pacific Deep Water.
22 Conclusion A level of 239 Pu activity concentration in the South Pacific surface waters is similar to that in the Indian Ocean, and higher than that in the South Atlantic. The 239 Pu/ 137 Cs ratio in the South Pacific and South Atlantic, a proxy of biogeochemical processes, exponentially increased in shallow layer (0 ca.1500 m). Plutonium in deep waters ( m) of the Pacific showed latitudinal distribution with high in the North Pacific and low in the South Pacific. Plutonium is a transient tracer of the North Pacific Deep Water.
23 Plutonium is the most powerful tracer to solve ocean processes. Thank you for your attention!
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