Long- term Sources: To what extent are marine sediments, coastal groundwater, and rivers a source of ongoing contamina;on?
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1 Nov. 13, 2012 Sanjo Conference Hall, University of Tokyo Long- term Sources: To what extent are marine sediments, coastal groundwater, and rivers a source of ongoing contamina;on? Jota Kanda Photo: T. Ishimaru Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
2 Impact of Fukushima Significant release in a brief period to the open sea 137 Cs release to the sea (PBq) Data sources: Chino et al. (2011), Tsumune et al. (2011), Bailly du Bois et al. (2011). Morino et al. (2011), Stohl et al. (2011), Gray et al. (1995), Aarkrog (2003), UNSCEAR (2000)
3 Rapid flushing of contaminated water vs. Persistent sediment radioac;vity Seawater Sediment 137 Cs radioacxvity (Bq/L) 137 Cs radioacxvity (Bq/kg- dry) 137 Cs in seawater and sediment Seawater: immediate vicinity of the plant Data sources: TEPCO, Fukushima Pref. Govt., MEXT Sediment: off Fukushima <200m depth
4 Rapid flushing of contaminated water vs. Mysterious resilience of fish radioac;vity 134 Cs+ 137 Cs radioacxvity in two fish species from Fukushima Data source: Fisheries Agency of Japan
5 Remaining 137Cs in <200m coastal waters (April- September 2012) Fukushima Dai- ichi Nuclear Power Plant N. Yoshida and J. Kanda (2012) Science, 336:
6 Remaining 137Cs in <200m coastal waters (April- September 2012) Data sources and methods Fukushima Dai- ichi Nuclear Power Plant Seawater inventory 137Cs (Bq/L) data: TEPCO, MEXT n=636 2 staxons adjacent to the plant are not included - mulxplied by water- column volume Sediment inventory 137Cs (Bq/kg- dry, top sediment) data: TEPCO, Fukushima Pref. Govt., MEXT n=299 - converted to area- based acxvity (Bq/m2) with 137Cs data of known core volume (JOS/NHK, TUMSAT, n=59) - mulxplied by area
7 JOS/NHK 20km- zone survey (Nov./Dec. 2011) Areal 137Cs (Bq/m2) K. Hanawa, A. Tsuda, Y. Kato, T. Ishimaru, T. Aono, K. Ikehara, M. Yamamoto, M. Fujiwara, H. Yamazaki, T. Koike, and personnel from NHK, Sanyo Techno Marine Inc., and ING Co. Ltd. Top sediment 137Cs (Bq/kg- dry) TUMSAT Xme- series monitoring (July 2011, Oct. 2011, May 2012) T. Ishimaru, T. Aono, Y. W. Watanabe, M. Aoyama, Y. Hamajima, A. Tsuda, M. Uematsu, S. Igarashi, Y. Yamaguchi, Y. Ito, Y. Tanaka, K. Tsuchiya, H. Kohno, M. Moteki, K. Uchida, K. Amakasu, N. Iwasaka, H. Arakawa, H. Ohashi, M. Ishida, M. Kawabe, Y. Kasajima, T. Hosaka, and dedicated students
8 Remaining 137Cs in <200m coastal waters (April- September 2012) Fukushima Dai- ichi Nuclear Power Plant Total inventory Seawater: 15.3 TBq Sediment: 93.5 TBq Direct discharge ( April 2011) TBq Seawater (TBq) Sediment (TBq) Only <3% of the discharged 137Cs TBq: 1012Bq
9 Rivers/Drainage basins Naruse/Nanakita/Natori Abukuma 137 Cs discharge es;mate Small rivers Kuji Naka River water Annual precipitaxon Basin area Runoff coefficient: 0.7 River water 137 Cs: <<1Bq/L (MOE) Suspended/Bed load Specific sediment yield 300m 3 /km 2 /year (Okano et al. 2004) Basin area Riverbed/bank sediment 137 Cs (MOE)
10 137 Cs discharge from rivers Naruse/Nanakita/Natori Abukuma Small rivers Kuji Naka Valida;on Suspended/Bed load es;mated for Abukuma in summer TBq/month cf. Yamashiki et al. (2012) Es;ma;on of Radioac;ve Contaminant Load from Abukuma River Japan Geophysical Union MeeXng 2012 Combined water and suspended load at Abukuma river mouth in summer 2011 (baseflow only) 0.87 TBq/month
11 137 Cs discharge from rivers (April September 2012) Abukuma Small rivers << Naka << << Ukedo << Niida << Kuma << Tomioka<< Kuji << Naruse/Nanakita/Natori << Ohta << Mano << Natsui << Kido << Water (TBq/month) Sediment (TBq/month)
12 Leak from the plant 137 Cs release in summer 2012 Harbor- water: 2.3 x 10 6 m 3 Exchange rate: 0.44 day - 1 (6 19 April 2011) Average 137 Cs at Unloading dock : 9.9Bq L - 1 (1 April 30 September 2012) 10 GBq day TBq month - 1 Plant harbor Unloading dock 137 Cs radioacxvity (Bq/L) 0.44 day Bq L Cs radioacxvity at Unloading dock inside the plant harbor Data source: TEPCO
13 Highly- contaminated water under the plant Water volume (m 3 ) 137 Cs Volume 137 Cs inventory (PBq) Remaining 137 Cs 156 PBq (May 2011) 3 PBq (September 2012) Processed 137 Cs 220 PBq (June 2011 September 2012) Diluted by groundwater inflow Possible groundwater seepage from nearby seafloor??? Contaminated water underneath the reactor/turbine housings of Reactors 1-4 Calculated by JK based on data released by TEPCO
14 Remaining 137Cs vs. present input in <200m coastal waters (April- September 2012) Fukushima Dai- ichi Nuclear Power Plant Power plant >0.30 TBq/month Seawater 15.3 TBq River water <<1.3 TBq/month River sediment 0.78 TBq/month Sediment 93.5 TBq
15 Radio- cesium in biota: where is the source? 1. Plankton in shallow waters? Net mesh (µm) 137 Cs (Bq/kg- wet) Shallow plankton samples show higher 137 Cs ac;vity Bomom depth (m) 137 Cs of plankton net samples in May 2012 from TUMSAT monitoring results
16 Mixed suspended sediment? Spider leg hypothesis? 2. Sediment? Micrograph: T. Ishimaru Complex mixture of materials Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics Jorge L. Sarmiento & Nicolas Gruber (2006)
17 Mixed suspended sediment? Spider leg hypothesis? 2. Sediment? Characteriza;on omicrograph: f sediment T. Ishimaru and suspended par;cles are essen;al Complex mixture of materials Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics Jorge L. Sarmiento & Nicolas Gruber (2006)
18 Interdisciplinary Study on Environmental Transfer of Radionuclides from the Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident Head InvesMgator Yuichi ONDA Research Topic(4) Understanding the migramon and concentramon of radioacmve materials in marine ecosystems Principal InvesMgator Jota KANDA Co- InvesMgators Minoru KITAMURA Jun NISHIKAWA Tatsuo AONO Masato MOTEKI Kotaro TSUCHIYA Atsushi YAMAGUCHI Yuji TANAKA Yutaka WATANABE Shogo TAKAGI Akira NODA Toshifumi HAYASHI CooperaMon Researchers Shigeharu MORIYA Cooperators Takashi ISHIMARU Hiroshi YAMAKAWA Satoshi IGARASHI Jiro SUGA
19 Thank you so much for your research efforts and discussions regarding Fukushima
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Author manuscript, published in "Journal Of Geophysical Research Oceans 117, (2012)" DOI : 10.1029/2012JC007933 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 117,, doi:10.1029/2012jc007933, 2012 Assessment of
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