Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 23. Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 1

Transcription

1 Electricity & Magnetism Lecture 23 Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 1

2 Today you will play around with the polariza2on filters. Con2nue on Friday. Friday s lecture will be on circular polariza2on so you may wish to do the circular polariza2on then. λ/4 and λ/2 plates only work perfectly at one wavelength causes some colour effects. Can use green filter to reduce the colour anomalies AGer you feel you understand polariza2on, we have magic towers with 4 light windows. You take your set of filters and try to iden2fy the polariza2on state from each window and fill in the Quiz. 5 points.

3 Your Comments the whole E-M wave graph, I s/ll don't understand what it is trying to tell us and where the sin(kz-ωt) even comes from or how I'm even supposed to use it It certainly can be confusing.. We will try to make it clear!! We should try running while vo2ng on the iclickers Since radio waves have long wavelengths does that mean the longer the wavelength, the longer it can travel, but the longer the wavelength, the less energy? How come waves with less energy travels longer? I don't really understande when z involved Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 2

4 Plane Waves from Last Time E and B are perpendicular and in phase Oscillate in /me and space Direc/on of propaga/on given by E B E 0 = cb 0 Argument of sin/cos gives direc/on of propaga/on Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 3

5 Understanding the speed and direction of the wave E x = E o sin(kz ωt) E x z t = 0 E x z t = π/2ω What has happened to the wave form in this /me interval? It has MOVED TO THE RIGHT by λ/4 Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 4

6 CheckPoint 2 No moving in the minus z direc2on No has E y rather than E x Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 5

7 From the prelecture The equa2on for the x-component of the electric field of a plane electromagne2c wave is given by: E x = E o sin(kz ωt) Which of the following equa2ons describes the associated magne2c field? A) B y = E o c sin(kz ωt) B) B y = (E o /c) sin(kz ωt) C) B y = E o c cos(kz ωt) D) B y = (E o /c) cos(kz ωt)

8 Prelecture question Which of the following statements does not correctly describe a harmonic plane wave traveling in some medium. A)The 2me taken by any point of the wave to make one complete oscilla2on does not depend on the amplitude. B)Doubling the wavelength of the wave will halve its frequency. C)Doubling the amplitude has no effect on the wavelength. D)Doubling the frequency of the wave will double its speed.

9 Prelecture An electromagne2c wave is traveling through free space and the magnitudes of its electric and magne2c fields are E o and B o respec2vely. It then passes through a filter that cuts the magnitude of the electric field by a quarter (E = E o /4). What happens to the magnitude of the magne2c field? A) B = B o /4 B) B = B o /2 C) B = B o

10 Prelecture Question The color of the stars we observe in galaxies can be used to deduce the velocity of the galaxy rela2ve to Earth. Suppose the average color of the stars in a newly discovered galaxy is bluer than the average color of stars in our own galaxy. What would be a sensible conclusion about the mo2on of the new galaxy rela2ve to our own? A)That it is moving toward from us. B)That it is moving away us.

11 CheckPoint 6 C = 3.0 x 10 8 m/s Wavelength is equal to the speed of light divided by the frequency. Check: Look at size of antenna on base unit Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 6

12 Paris Ambulance Dr Chai Acela Doppler Shift BigBang The Big Idea As source approaches: Wavelength decreases Frequency Increases Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 7

13 Doppler Shift for E-M Waves What s Different from Sound or Water Waves? Sound /Water Waves : You can calculate (no rela/vity needed) BUT Result is somewhat complicated: is source or observer moving wrt medium? Electromagne/c Waves : You need rela/vity (/me dila/on) to calculate BUT Result is simple: only depends on rela/ve mo/on of source & observer f 0 = f s β = v/c β > 0 if source & observer are approaching β < 0 if source & observer are separa/ng Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 8

14 Doppler Shift for E-M Waves f f v or f f v The Doppler Shid is the SAME for both cases! f ʹ/f only depends on the rela/ve velocity f 0 = f s Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 9

15 Doppler Shift for E-M Waves f 0 = f s A Note on Approxima2ons β << 1 why?! 1/2 Taylor Series: Expand F( ) = 1 + around β = 0 1 Evaluate: NOTE: Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 10

16 Red Shift of Stellar Spectra Wavelengths shided higher wavelength Frequencies shided lower Star separa/ng from us (Expanding Universe) Our Sun Star in a distant galaxy Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 11

17 Example Police radars get twice the effect since the EM waves make a round trip: If f = 24,000,000,000 Hz (k-band radar gun) c = 300,000,000 m/s v β f f -f 30 m/s (108 km/h) x ,000,004, Hz 31 m/s (112 km/h) x ,000,004, Hz Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 12

18 Waves Carry Energy Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 14

19 Intensity Intensity = Average energy delivered per unit /me, per unit area Length = c dt Area = A Sunlight on Earth: I 1000 J/s/m 2 1 kw/m 2 Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 15

20 Waves Carry Energy Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 16

21 Comment on Poynting Vector Just another way to keep track of all this: Its magnitude is equal to I Its direc/on is the direc/on of propaga/on of the wave Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 17

22 Exercise An electromagne/c wave is described by: where is the unit vector in the +y direc/on. Which of the following graphs represents the z dependence of B x at t = 0? y z x X X A B C D E and B are in phase (or 180 o out of phase) Wave moves in +z direc2on y E x Points in direc2on of propaga2on B z Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 21

23 Light has Momentum! If it has energy and its moving, then it also has momentum: Analogy from mechanics: For E M waves: de dt! du dt = IA v! c Radia/on pressure pressure Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 18

24 Photons We believe the energy in an e-m wave is carried by photons Ques/on: What are Photons? Answer: Photons are Photons. Photons possess both wave and par/cle proper/es Par/cle: Energy and Momentum localized Wave: They have definite frequency & wavelength ( fλ = c) Connec/ons seen in equa/ons: E = hf Planck s constant h = J s p = h/λ Ques/on: How can something be both a par/cle and a wave? Answer: It can t (when we observe it) What we see depends on how we choose to measure it! The mystery of quantum mechanics: More on this in PHYS 285 Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 20

25 Exercise An electromagne/c wave is described by: What is the form of B for this wave? y z x A) B) C) D) y E x Wave moves in z direc2on +z points out of screen z points into screen B Points in direc2on of propaga2on Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 22

26 Follow-Up A certain unnamed physics professor was arrested for running a stoplight. He said the light was green. A pedestrian said it was red. The professor then said: We are both being truthful; you just need to account for the Doppler effect! How fast would the professor have to go to see the light as green? (λ green = 500 nm, λ red = 600 nm) A) 540 m/s B) 5.4 x 10 4 m/s C) 5.4 x 10 7 m/s D) 5.4 x 10 8 m/s Rela/vis/c Doppler effect: Note approxima/on for small β is not bad: c = 3 x 10 8 m/s Þ v = 5.4 x 10 7 m/s Change the charge to speeding! Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 25

27 Exercise An electromagne/c wave is described by: Which of the following plots represents B x (z) at 2me t = π/2ω? A B C D Wave moves in nega2ve z direc2on y + z points out of screen E z points into screen B x at ω t = π/2: Points in direc2on of propaga2on Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 23

28 Exercise A certain unnamed physics professor was arrested for running a stoplight. He said the light was green. A pedestrian said it was red. The professor then said: We are both being truthful; you just need to account for the Doppler effect! Is it possible that the professor s argument is correct? (λ green = 500 nm, λ red = 600 nm) As professor approaches stoplight, the frequency of its emieed light will be shiged UP The speed of light does not change A) YES B) NO Therefore, the wavelength (c/f) would be shiged DOWN If he goes fast enough, he could observe a green light! Electricity & Magne/sm Lecture 23, Slide 24

29 Today you will play around with the polariza2on filters. Con2nue on Friday. Friday s lecture will be on circular polariza2on so you may wish to do the circular polariza2on then. λ/4 and λ/2 plates only work perfectly at one wavelength causes some colour effects. Can use green filter to reduce the colour anomalies AGer you feel you understand polariza2on, we have magic towers with 4 light windows. You take your set of filters and try to iden2fy the polariza2on state from each window and fill in the Quiz. 5 points.

30 Name! Date!! Polarization Quiz! Tower: I II III IV! Determine the polarization of the light coming out of each of the ports. Put the answer number in the answer column and explain the basis for your answer under Rationale. If your answer is 2, linearly polarized, state the angle of the transmission axis from the vertical using the coordinate system shown below: 0, 90, +45 or 45. Partial credit will be given for identifying circularly polarized light, but with the wrong handedness. (The filters are not ideal, so the linear or circular states are not perfect. By linear we mean "nearly linear," by circular we mean "nearly circular." Look straight through the ports normal to the surface.) Port Rationale Answer A B C D Choose answers from the following list: 1.! Unpolarized light 2.! Linearly polarized light! (state angle θ: 0, 90, +45 or 45 ) 3.! Right circularly polarized light 4.! Left circularly polarized light 5.! Elliptically polarized light transmission! axis y θ x z, direction of propagation 6.! Mixture of linearly polarized and unpolarized light 7.! Mixture of circularly polarized and unpolarized light

31 Optics Kit