Complex Site Response: Does One-Dimensional Site Response Work?
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1 : Does One-Dimensional Site Response Work? ESG4 UCSB August 23-26,2011 Laurie G. Baise Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tufts University August 25, 2011
2 Collaborators and Acknowledgements What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response At Tufts Eric M. Thompson, Assistant Research Professor Luis Dorfmann, Associate Professor James Kaklamanos, Ph.D. Student Collection of V s Data in Japan Yasuo Tanaka, Kobe University Robert Kayen, United States Geologic Survey This project was funded through NSF Grant # and #
3 Site Response What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Results from wave propagation in the near surface Often isolated from soil/outcrop or soil/downhole ground motion pairs (Steidl et al., 1996; Baise et al., 2003; Thompson et al., 2009) Blind predictions are challenging (Boore, 2004; Kwok et al., 2008) Surface, Soil Downhole Outcrop x Why is site response so hard to predict? z
4 Complexity in Site Response What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Site Response requires specifying Soil media Soil behavior Propagation of waves Input rock motion (downhole or outcrop) Surface, Soil Downhole Outcrop x z
5 Complexity in Site Response What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Site Response requires specifying Soil media Soil behavior Propagation of waves Input rock motion (downhole or outcrop) Soil Media Homogeneous vs. Heterogenous One-dimensional (1D) vs. Two-dimensional (2D) vs. Three-dimensional (3D)
6 Complexity in Site Response What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Site Response requires specifying Soil media Soil behavior Propagation of waves Input rock motion (downhole or outcrop) Soil Behavior Linear Elastic Equivalent-linear Nonlinear
7 Complexity in Site Response What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Site Response requires specifying Soil media Soil behavior Propagation of waves Input rock motion (downhole or outcrop) Propagation of waves Vertical incidence Planar waves SH waves Path effects
8 What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Complexity in Site Response Site Response requires specifying Soil media Soil behavior Propagation of waves Surface, Soil Outcrop x Input rock motion (downhole or outcrop) Most common assumptions (SH1D): 1D horizontal and homogeneous layers Equivalent linear soil behavior z Downhole Vertical incidence of planar SH waves
9 Project Goals What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Does SH1D work for site response prediction or not? If not, how complex is site response? Goal 1: Develop a classification system to characterize sites in terms of complexity. Goal 2: Use the classification system to choose sites specifically for addressing site response topics. Use sites that fit SH1D to study nonlinear soil behavior Use sites that don t fit SH1D to study soil heterogeneity or alternative wave propogation effects.
10 Project Goals What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Does SH1D work for site response prediction or not? If not, how complex is site response? Goal 1: Develop a classification system to characterize sites in terms of complexity. Goal 2: Use the classification system to choose sites specifically for addressing site response topics. Use sites that fit SH1D to study nonlinear soil behavior Use sites that don t fit SH1D to study soil heterogeneity or alternative wave propogation effects.
11 Project Goals What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Does SH1D work for site response prediction or not? If not, how complex is site response? Goal 1: Develop a classification system to characterize sites in terms of complexity. Goal 2: Use the classification system to choose sites specifically for addressing site response topics. Use sites that fit SH1D to study nonlinear soil behavior Use sites that don t fit SH1D to study soil heterogeneity or alternative wave propogation effects.
12 Project Goals What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Does SH1D work for site response prediction or not? If not, how complex is site response? Goal 1: Develop a classification system to characterize sites in terms of complexity. Goal 2: Use the classification system to choose sites specifically for addressing site response topics. Use sites that fit SH1D to study nonlinear soil behavior Use sites that don t fit SH1D to study soil heterogeneity or alternative wave propogation effects.
13 Project Goals What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Does SH1D work for site response prediction or not? If not, how complex is site response? Goal 1: Develop a classification system to characterize sites in terms of complexity. Goal 2: Use the classification system to choose sites specifically for addressing site response topics. Use sites that fit SH1D to study nonlinear soil behavior Use sites that don t fit SH1D to study soil heterogeneity or alternative wave propogation effects.
14 Project Goals What is Site Response? How Do We Predict Site Response? Complexity in Site Response Does SH1D work for site response prediction or not? If not, how complex is site response? Goal 1: Develop a classification system to characterize sites in terms of complexity. Goal 2: Use the classification system to choose sites specifically for addressing site response topics. Use sites that fit SH1D to study nonlinear soil behavior Use sites that don t fit SH1D to study soil heterogeneity or alternative wave propogation effects.
15 Site Criteria Source and Path Effect Site Effect Taxonomy Focus on weak motions at vertical arrays Removes nonlinear effect in order to focus on soil media and wave propagation Averages site response over multiple events to reduce SNR and estimate variability Vertical array reduces ambiguity of the input motion and reduces source/path effects Examples Port Island - linear vs nonlinear behavior (Baise et al., 2001) Treasure Island - surface waves (Baise et al., 2003) KiK-Net - soil heterogeneity (Thompson et al., 2009)
16 Japan s KiK-Net Array Since 1996 Over 300 surface downhole vertical arrays (downhole station generally at 100 m depth) Vs profiles for each site Web accessible data Seismically active region (lots of strong and weak motion records) Site Criteria Source and Path Effect Site Effect Taxonomy
17 Site Criteria Source and Path Effect Site Effect Taxonomy Site and Data Criteria We chose sites that met the following criteria: Velocity profile available Signal to noise ratio < 5 from 0.5 to 20 Hz At least 10 weak motions (P GA d < 0.1g) At least 1 strong motion (P GA s > 0.3g) 74 stations meet this criteria (using data collected before 2011)
18 Data for this study 74 sites 1000 Earthquakes 1800 Earthquake records Site conditions range from shallow to deep soil sites Site Criteria Source and Path Effect Site Effect Taxonomy
19 Site Criteria Source and Path Effect Site Effect Taxonomy Comparing observed versus predicted site response Empirical transfer function (ETF) Spectra of the entire record Use complex time series (Steidl et al., 1996) Present median and 95% confidence intervals Amplification (a) IWTH25, VS30 = 506 m/sec (b) IWTH05, VS 1 Frequ Theoretical transfer function (TTF) SH1D (linear) - Thomson-Haskell (Thomson, 1950; Haskell, 1953) SHAKE (equivalent linear) DEEPSOIL (nonlinear) Amplification (a) IWTH04, VS30 = 456 m/sec (b) IWTH12, VS 1 Frequ
20 Site Criteria Source and Path Effect Site Effect Taxonomy Comparing observed versus predicted site response Empirical transfer function (ETF) Spectra of the entire record Use complex time series (Steidl et al., 1996) Present median and 95% confidence intervals Amplification (a) IWTH25, VS30 = 506 m/sec (b) IWTH05, VS 1 Frequ Theoretical transfer function (TTF) SH1D (linear) - Thomson-Haskell (Thomson, 1950; Haskell, 1953) SHAKE (equivalent linear) DEEPSOIL (nonlinear) Amplification (a) IWTH04, VS30 = 456 m/sec (b) IWTH12, VS 1 Frequ
21 Intra-event variability Site Criteria Source and Path Effect Site Effect Taxonomy 100 (a) IWTH25, V S30 = 506 m/sec High (b) IWTH05, V S30 = 429 m/sec Low Amplification 10 1 Use a cut-off of σ = 0.15 between High and Low intra-event variability.
22 Fit to SH1D Site Criteria Source and Path Effect Site Effect Taxonomy 100 (a) IWTH04, V S30 = 456 m/sec Good (b) IWTH12, V S30 = 368 m/sec Poor Amplification 10 1 Use a cut-off of r = 0.6 between Good and Poor fit to SH1D.
23 Taxonomy Site Criteria Source and Path Effect Site Effect Taxonomy (a) LG LP HG HP (b) σi r V S30, m/sec V S30, m/sec
24 Taxonomy - LG, LP, HG, HP Site Criteria Source and Path Effect Site Effect Taxonomy (a) TKCH08, V S30 = 353 m/sec (b) ISKH02, V S30 = 721 m/sec (c) TKCH05, V S30 = 337 m/sec 100 LG LP LP SH1D ETF median ETF 95% conf. int. Amplification 10 1 (a) KSRH10, VS30 = 213 m/sec (b) HRSH03, VS30 = 487 m/sec 100 HG HP Amplification 10 1
25 LG and LP sites Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity 100 (a) TKCH08, V S30 = 353 m/sec (b) ISKH02, V S30 = 721 m/sec SH1D ETF median ETF 95% conf. int. (c) TKCH05, V S30 = 337 m/sec Amplification 10 1
26 Six LG Sites Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity V S30 Earthquake Station (m/s) Date Magnitude Depth (km) PGA D (g) PGA S (g) IWTH /05/ IWTH /07/ IWTH /05/ MYGH /08/ NMRH /09/ TKCH /09/
27 LG - Isolate nonlinear soil behavior Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity TKCH08 Soil over rock site - V s (30) = 353m/s P GA = 0.509g
28 LG - TKCH08 Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity We can evaluate different SH1D formulations. The nonlinear and equivalent linear programs improve the goodness of fit over the linear model.
29 LG sites - Linear Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity
30 LG sites - Equivalent Linear Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity
31 LG sites - Nonlinear Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity
32 Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity
33 Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity
34 LP - Low Noise, Poor Fit to SH1D Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity 100 (a) TKCH08, V S30 = 353 m/sec (b) ISKH02, V S30 = 721 m/sec SH1D ETF median ETF 95% conf. int. (c) TKCH05, V S30 = 337 m/sec Amplification 10 1
35 Uncertainty in 1D Profile Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity 100 Original model Amplification Amplification 10 Depth, m Velocity, m/sec
36 Uncertainty in 1D Profile Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity Original model Amplification Increase damping and base layer velocity Amplification 10 Depth, m Velocity, m/sec
37 Uncertainty in 1D Profile Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity Original model Amplification Increase damping and base layer velocity 1 Increase layering and optimize Amplification Depth, m Velocity, m/sec
38 Non-vertical Incidence Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity Amplification 10 Depth, m Velocity, m/sec Shift peak by changing incidence angle to 31
39 Three-dimensional heterogeneity Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity 100 (a) TKCH08, V S30 = 353 m/sec (b) ISKH02, V S30 = 721 m/sec SH1D ETF median ETF 95% conf. int. (c) TKCH05, V S30 = 337 m/sec Amplification 10 1 In Thompson et al. (2009) We demonstrated that scattering of waves in a heterogeneous material can remove peak in ETF.
40 Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity Try non-vertical incidence and attenuation
41 Including spatial variability Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity
42 Including spatial variability Nonlinearity Uncertainty in 1D Profile Non-vertical Incidence Three-dimensional heterogeneity
43 Using weak motions at vertical arrays, we have... developed a classification systems that characterizes site response complexity in terms of: intraevent variability goodness of fit to SH1D used the classification system to: isolate nonlinear soil behavior and test existing site response programs identify sites with a misfit to SH1D identify sites with high intraevent variability
44 , cont. When we isolate nonlinear behavior, we find... nonlinear soil behavior consistently affects the high frequency spectral accelerations V s 30 is not always the best indicator of nonlinear behavior SHAKE and DEEPSOIL capture much of the nonlinear soil response
45 , cont. When sites do not exhibit SH1D behavior for weak motions, the cause may be from... nonvertical incidence of the wave field uncertainty in the 1D V s profile spatial heterogeneity leading to scattering of waves
46 Future Work More work to be done on... Isolating the nonlinear soil behavior and improving nonlinear models (LG) Studying interesting sites (LP) Investigating source and path effects that cause high intraevent variability (HG)
47 Questions?
48 References Baise, L. G., Glaser, S. D., Dreger, D. S., Site response at Treasure and Yerba Buena Islands, California. J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng. 129 (5), Boore, D. M., Can site response be predicted? J. Earthquake Engineering 8 (Special Issue 1), Haskell, N. A., The dispersion of surface waves on multilayered media. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 72, Kwok, A. O. L., Stewart, J. P., Hashash, Y. M. A., Nonlinear ground-response analysis of Turkey flat shallow stiff-soil site to strong ground motion. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 98 (1), Steidl, J. H., Tumarkin, A. G., Archuleta, R. J., What is a reference site? Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 86 (6), Thompson, E. M., Baise, L. G., Kayen, R. E., Guzina, B. B., Impediments to Predicting Site Response: Seismic Property Estimation and Modeling Simplifications. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 99 (5), Thomson, W. T., Transmission of elastic waves through a stratified solid. Journal of Applied Physics 21,
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